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非謂語動(dòng)詞知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)
非謂語動(dòng)詞，又叫非限定動(dòng)詞，非謂語動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動(dòng)詞，接下來是小編為您整理的非謂語動(dòng)詞知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)，希望對您有所幫助。
I.概述
1.基本形式的變化：
不定式：
時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)
一般式to doto be done
進(jìn)行式to be doing
完成式to have builtto have been built
John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主動(dòng)態(tài))
He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被動(dòng)態(tài))
He pretended to be listening attentively. (進(jìn)行式)
He intended to have told you that. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被動(dòng)態(tài))
v-ing形式
時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被 動(dòng) 態(tài)
一般式doingbeing done
完成式having donehaving been done
注意：不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)名詞
I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài)) (= I am sure that he will come in time)
He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài)) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)
I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)
He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))
現(xiàn)在分詞
He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài))
Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài))
Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))
2.所做成分
項(xiàng)目/成分主語表語賓語賓補(bǔ)定語狀語
動(dòng)詞的ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △△△
動(dòng)名詞△△△ △
不定式 △△△△△△
過去分詞 △ △△△
注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分。
II.基本知識
1.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
①作主語。
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
To make money is not the only purpose of our life.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的
在很多情況下，常用it 來充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語。
It is important for us to learn English very well.對我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。
②作動(dòng)詞的賓語，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通過了考試。
He promised to be here at nine.他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。
I didn’t expect to see you here.我沒有料到在這兒見到你。
在某些復(fù)合賓語中，用it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。
He considered it better to leave now.他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。
③作定語(常置于名詞之后)。
由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語; 不定式還可用作名詞
代詞的的賓語 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,
intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
④作狀語
I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表結(jié)果)
He tried only to fail. (結(jié)果沒有成功)
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞：
able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit,frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
French is difficult to learn. 法語難學(xué)。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
⑤作獨(dú)立副詞成分。
To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
⑥與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
When to start has not been decided.什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒有定。
The problem is how to get there on time.問題是怎樣才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。
注意：
①在有些動(dòng)詞后常用疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。這類動(dòng)詞有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider,understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
He didn’t know what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我沒有決定是否到日本去。
②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
由for + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、狀語等。
It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你們有必要在星期五前做完這項(xiàng)工
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)常與以下形容詞連用：brave, careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good, honest,kind,nice,rash, right,rude, stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong, wise等。
It’s kind of you to say so.
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，沖進(jìn)著火的大樓里救這個(gè)嬰兒
③不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
▲在有些使役動(dòng)詞及感官動(dòng)詞后可用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，如let,make,have, hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。
The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老師常常讓我把作文重寫。
將該句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
▲在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后常用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but,do nothing but等。
I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建議。
▲在except, but 之前有動(dòng)詞do作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，則except, but 后一般接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，反之則接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
We have no choice but to wait.我們除了等待別無選擇(我們只好等待)。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
▲在why, why not結(jié)構(gòu)中，緊接其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to
Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?為什么不把那些書送回去?
2.動(dòng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
①作主語
Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 請求幫助有時(shí)是必要的。
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多對你的健康不利。
Teaching offers something besides money and power.
②作補(bǔ)語、表語
Seeing is believing.
We call such an act cheating.我們稱這樣的行為為作弊/欺騙行為。
③作以下及物動(dòng)詞及詞組的的賓語
建議冒險(xiǎn)去獻(xiàn)身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to
忍受期待不停頓：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop
放棄延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss
堅(jiān)持欣賞(想)要(實(shí))踐(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish
注意原諒避反對：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to
考慮要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help
允許習(xí)慣不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind
值得開始想動(dòng)名：be worth, set about, imagine
The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒險(xiǎn)游過河
His wife doesn#39;t allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room
他的妻子不允許在室內(nèi)抽煙，但是允許他在室外抽。
All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
他們所有的人都堅(jiān)持要我再跟他們多呆幾天時(shí)間。
I#39;m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn#39;t feel like eating anything.不想吃任何東西
另在want, need, require等動(dòng)詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思(主語與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。
My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
⑤作定語
它與被修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，通常只表示用途或與所修飾的名詞有關(guān)的動(dòng)作。
The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教學(xué)方法
⑥作同位語
His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
注意：
①動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或名詞所有格 + 動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。如果不是在句子開頭，這種結(jié)構(gòu)常可以由名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格 +動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成，在句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
②動(dòng)名詞的某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)
▲It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
▲It is + useless+doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
▲There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)
▲make a point of + doing “認(rèn)為…是必要的”
Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
▲be on the point of + doing “瀕臨，將要…”
He was on the point of leaving.
▲on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
▲go + doing (大部分指運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲)
He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
▲動(dòng)名詞短語常用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth
have trouble (in) + doing sth
have fun (in) + doing sth/
have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sth
▲feel like + 名詞“想要”=would like to +原形動(dòng)詞
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don#39;t feel like reading tonight.今晚我不想讀書。
3.分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
①作定語。作定語的分詞如果是單個(gè)分詞，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語則放在所修飾的名詞后面。在用作定語時(shí)，分詞在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)
China is a developing socialist country.發(fā)展中的社會主義國家
The man writing the obituary (訃告) is my friend.
(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都可作定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)的是正在進(jìn)行的事情，有主動(dòng)意義;而過去分詞表示的是已完成的事情，有被動(dòng)意義。
②作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。能帶分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
The story is boring.
I found him reading a novel. 在讀小說(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包圍著 (過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
③作狀語。分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間,原因, 條件,結(jié)果,伴隨情況。
Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.(時(shí)間)
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.(原因)
Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(原因)
If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.(條件)
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.(條件)
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.(結(jié)果)
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(伴隨)
注意：分詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
①獨(dú)立主格
有時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，這時(shí)分詞須帶上自身的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作伴隨狀語。亦可用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。
That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.
②“with或without + 名詞或代詞 + 分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
常用作補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
③某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。
Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.從他的衣著判斷
Frankly speaking, I dont like him at all.坦率地說
④catch+賓語+doing
I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she#39;ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。
注：有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
Considering his age, he is tall.考慮了他的年齡。
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.關(guān)于他的演講。
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