初三九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)
初三九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)1
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分，如分詞短語(yǔ)，不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等，找不到被修飾的主語(yǔ)或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法，應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見(jiàn)的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法：
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，如：
①Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)(present participial phrase)修飾主語(yǔ)“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二：
(a)確定是邏輯主語(yǔ)，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱(chēng)狀語(yǔ)從句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語(yǔ)，如：
After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)和主語(yǔ)“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法：
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如：
To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主語(yǔ)必須是“人”，如：
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類(lèi)垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中，第一類(lèi)發(fā)生的頻率，必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下，分詞短語(yǔ)是對(duì)的，它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)：
第一，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction，見(jiàn)3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語(yǔ)有自己的主語(yǔ)，所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二，當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，它不需要邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以沒(méi)有垂懸問(wèn)題存在。例如：
Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三，當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者的'態(tài)度或意見(jiàn)時(shí)，也不需要邏輯主語(yǔ)，因此也不存在著垂懸問(wèn)題。例如：
Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
初三九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)2
一、冠詞a/an
1. a university
2. a useful book
3. a one-hour documentary
4. an honest boy
5. an NBA player
6. a European country
7.What a big success / surprise / rain / mess
8.What great progress! What terrible weather!/What great courage!
二、數(shù)詞
1.two hundred students; hundreds of student
2.常考序數(shù)詞
nine-ninth;twelve-twelfth;forty-fortieth;
ninety-ninetieth
3.在某人四十多歲時(shí)in one’s forties
我父親40歲的生日my father’s fortieth birthday
4.分?jǐn)?shù)
three fourths=three quarters(四分之三)
three fourths of the students are.....
three fourths of the water is
5.年代in the 1990s(20世紀(jì)90年代) in 1990(在1990年)
三、詞性變化
1.形容詞和副詞
wise-wisely polite-politely safe-safely simple-simply terrible-terribly
noise-noisy-noisily true-truly
以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞friendly友好的lovely可愛(ài)的lively生動(dòng)的，活潑的
2.動(dòng)詞和名詞
invite-invitation(邀請(qǐng))
invent-invention(發(fā)明物)-inventor(發(fā)明家)
introduce-introduction(介紹，引言)
direct-director(導(dǎo)演)
四、such/that
修飾可數(shù)名詞：such+a/an+adj+n=so + adj+ a+n(such a nice pen=so nice a pen)
修飾不可數(shù)名詞：只用such(such clean water)
So+兩少兩多many，much，few，little(少)如果little(小)則+such.
常考so little education(少)
such little sheep/children(小)
五、否定倒裝
結(jié)構(gòu)：
1. neither + do / does / did / will / have / has+主語(yǔ)
2. neither +情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
3. neither + be(am，is，are)+主語(yǔ)
六、從屬連詞
1. until，常考not..until結(jié)構(gòu)，主句中經(jīng)常不直接出現(xiàn)not這個(gè)否定詞，而是會(huì)出現(xiàn)none，nobody，nothing，little，few，hardly等這些否定詞
When--not until how long--until how soon--not until
2. since
(a)既然，由于(表原因)，解題通過(guò)翻譯
(b)自從...以來(lái)，解題關(guān)注完成時(shí)態(tài)
3. though/although的考查，注意不能和but連用。
4. while/when的考查：兩長(zhǎng)while，一長(zhǎng)一短，長(zhǎng)前通常while，短前when。
解題方法：劃出句中的動(dòng)詞，辨析長(zhǎng)短(進(jìn)行為長(zhǎng)，過(guò)去為短)
5. if/unless時(shí)態(tài)：主將從現(xiàn)
6. as soon as一....就....
七、并列連詞
1. both...and...
2. neither...nor...
3. either...or
4. not only...but also...
注意：
1. both...and...引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是復(fù)數(shù)
2.后三個(gè)連接主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就近原則
3.如果題目的意思是兩者都能...，那就得抓住謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)判定到底是both...and...還是not only... but also。(通讀情景來(lái)解答)
八、定語(yǔ)從句
1.指人：who/that/whom
2.指物：which/that
注意：
1.先行詞后出現(xiàn)后置定語(yǔ)，不要把后置定語(yǔ)當(dāng)成是先行詞。
2.定語(yǔ)從句也是一個(gè)句子，做題結(jié)束后可以把關(guān)系代詞替換成先行詞，還原成句子進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。
九、賓語(yǔ)從句
解題抓住三要素：引導(dǎo)詞，時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)序，可以抓住任何一個(gè)要素作為突破口，排除一些干擾選項(xiàng)后解答。
注意：
1. what's the matter/what’s wrong with/which is the way to本身是陳述語(yǔ)序，無(wú)須改變。
2.出現(xiàn)or not，引導(dǎo)詞只能用whether
3.Could表委婉語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變
初三九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)3
I.重點(diǎn)詞匯
Test----exam words----vocabulary
Excited----exciting amazing----surprising
sometimes----sometime----some times----some time
for example----such as----like begin with----to begin with
maybe----perhaps----probably affect----influence
problem----question
II.重點(diǎn)詞組
1.ask…for… 2.speaking skills
3.ask…about… 4.not…at all
5.get excited about 6.end up
7.make mistakes 8.first of all
9.to begin with 10.later on
11.be afraid of 12.laugh at
13.make sentences 14.take notes
15.write down 16.make sure
17.deal with 18.look up
19.make up 20.worry about
21.be angry with 22.go by
23.each other 24.solve a problem
25.regard…as… 26.complain about
27.change…into… 28.try one’s best
29.with the help of 30.compare…to…
31.think about 32.break off
III.重點(diǎn)句子
1.I learn by studying with a group.
2.It’s too hard to understand the voices.
3.He finds watching movies frustrating because the people speak too quickly.
4.We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.
5.Why don’t you join an English club to practice English.
6.Last year my English class was difficult for me.
7.It was easy for me to understand the teacher.
8.Now I’m enjoying learning English.
9.Perhaps we have seen young children playing together.
IV.話題語(yǔ)法
1.談?wù)搶W(xué)習(xí)方法
2.by+v-ing結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)
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