Part One: Teaching Design
Period 1: A sample lesson plan for reading
(THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY)
Aims
To help students develop their reading ability
To help students learn about enjoying novels
Procedures
■Warming up by talking about Jane Eyre
Nice to see you, boys and girls. What did you do on the weekends?
As for me I managed to read Jane Eyre and Gone with the wind in English.
These are wonderful western novels. Jane Eyre is an orphan cast out as a young girl by her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and sent to be raised in a harsh charity school for girls. There she learns to be come a teacher and eventually seeks employment outside the school. Her advertisement is answered by the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall, Mrs. Fairfax.
Scarlett is a woman who can deal with a nation at war, Atlanta burning, the Union Army carrying off everything from her beloved Tara, the carpetbaggers who arrive after the war. Scarlett is beautiful. She has vitality. But Ashley, the man she has wanted for so long, is going to marry his placid cousin, Melanie. Mammy warns Scarlett to behave herself at the party at Twelve Oaks. There is a new man there that day, the day the Civil War begins.
To better understand the background of this novel and others of this type, let’s go to page 41. We shall try to discover “THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY ”.
■Warming up by defining novels
To begin with let’s try to find out what a novel is.
A novel (from French nouvelle, "new") is an extended fictional narrative in prose. Down into the 18th century, the word referred specifically to short fictions of love and intrigue as opposed to romances-epic-length works about love and adventures. Having become one of the major literary genres over the past 200 years the novel is today the object of discussions demanding artistic merits, a specific literary style and a deeper meaning than a true story of the same content could claim to have.
■Warming up by talking about the greatest classical Chinese novels
What is in my hand? Yes, you guess right. It is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in Chinese三國演. I t is one of the greatest classic novels by Chinese writers.
What Chinese classic novels have you read in Chinese or in English?
Let’s see this list of Chinese language novelists:
The Si Da Ming Zhu or the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature:
The Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢, also known as A Dream of Red Mansions or The Story of the Stone and The Chronicles of the Stone (石頭記, Shítóu Jì), by 曹雪芹 Cáo Xuěqín
Water Margin (水滸傳, also known as All Men Are Brothers and Outlaws of the Marsh), by 施耐庵 Shī Nài'ān
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三國演義) by 羅貫中 Luó Guànzhōng
The Journey to the West (西游記), also known as Monkey King and Monkey, by 吳承恩 Wú Chéng'ēn.
Other Classic Literature:
Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (聊齋志異), by 蒲松齡 Pú Sōnglíng.
Jin Ping Mei (金瓶梅), by 蘭陵笑笑生 Lánlíng Xiàoxiàoshēng.
Fengshen Yanyi or The Investiture of the Gods
Xing Shi Yin Yuan Zhuan or The Story of a Marital Fate to Awaken the World
Now we shall turn our eyes to the West, to see what classic novels they have got there!
I. Pre-reading
Before we read the article, we shall attempt a comparison between Chinese authors and American authors.
●Chinese authors
Lao She, (1899-1966), author of Si Shi Tong Tang
Zhang Ailing, (1920-1995), female romantic story writer
Qian Zhongshu, (1910-1998), author of Wei Cheng
Lu Xun, (1881-1936), author of The True Story of Ah Q
Mao Dun, (1896-1981), author of Zi Ye
●American authors
Louisa May Alcott, (1832-1888), author of Little Women
John Dos Passos, (1896-1970), author of U.S.A.
Theodore Dreiser, (1871-1945), author of Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy
Henry James, (1843-1916), author of The Portrait of a Lady and The Ambassadors
Jack London, (1876-1916), author of The Call of the Wild
Harriet Beecher Stowe, (1811-1896), author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
John Kennedy Toole (1937-1969), author of A Confederacy of Dunces
Mark Twain, (1835-1910), pseudonym for Samuel Clemens author of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
II. Reading
On page 41 there is an article entitled THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
You are going to read it aloud to the recording.
Now read the text again to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions.
THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Can you believe that /there used to be a consensus/ in society/ that opposed the writing of novels/ by authoresses? Clearly/ this restriction must have operated/ at a time/ when there was no equality of opportunity/ for women. Perhaps/ you think that /discrimination of this kind/ was in force/ a very long time ago/ because, after all, it is a very old-fashioned idea. But/ you would be wrong, because it was a generally held view/ only one hundred years ago/ in England. Even so/ there is another twist/ to this story. In a strange contradiction, this period produced five of the most courageous/ and gifted authoresses. Those/ who got round this ban/ were: Jane Austen, the three Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily /and Anne), and the writer/ known/ as George Eliot.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) was the first of these great women writers. She produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems /and limitations of women’s choices. At this time/ the only respectable career/ for a woman/ was to marry, so/ the dilemma of her heroines’ was also to marry/ but for love. Her most popular novel has always been Pride and Prejudice. In this story/ we follow the lives of five sisters/ as they overcome obstacles/ to their happiness/ and marriage/ until all is happily resolved. But/ the appeal of Jane’s work was not in its content/ alone. It was also in her refreshingly light /and ironic style, evident/ from the first sentence of the novel:
“Everyone knows that/ a single man/ with a fortune/ must be in want of a wife.”
As readers, we know that/ this sentence is not really true/ but it represents the opinions of all mothers/ who have daughters/ to marry. It is making fun of those mothers/ whose only wish is to marry their daughters well.
After Jane Austen, authoresses found it an even more hopeless task/ to publish novels/ under their own names. So/ they chose to publish their works/ using men’s names. The three Bronte sisters/ adopting this practice, Mary Ann Evans did the same/ and wrote/ under the name of George Eliot. Sceptical reviewers did not see through this deception/ and gave their approval/ to their work.
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters. Her novels were revolutionary/ for the explicit way/ they described women/ struggling against their restricted roles/ in society. Her heroines are outspoken/ in expressing their feelings, while demonstrating honesty /and conscience/ in their choices. Her most famous book, Jane Eyre, describes the growth of a poor, abused heroine/ with an unhappy childhood/ through to a mature person/ who finds eventual happiness/ after many struggles/ and disappointments. Being immediately hailed/ as “the masterwork of a great genius”, Jane Eyre became a great success. The book was a revelation/ after the more reserved feelings/ expressed/ in Jane Austen’s novels.
The fifth premier authoress of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880). Her novels examined the morally ambiguous concessions/ people make/ in their lives/ in order to succeed. In one of her books, Silas Marner, the hero discovers a little girl /whom he takes in/ to live/ with him. Her own father has already rejected her, because he fears/ he would lose his second wife’s love/ if he acknowledges her ---- a mistake/ for which the couple both suffer.
With the 19th century/ being regarded/ as one of great women writers, there were also some excellent male authors. Among them/ Charles Dickens (1812-1870) stands out as a literary critic of the injustices of his society. His novels describe the hardships of poor people/ who did not possess money/ or a sponsor/ to smooth their path. In David Copperfield, the hero experiences suffering/ before he meets his eccentric, kind /and tolerant aunt, Betsy Trotwood. David benefits/ from her truly generous nature, and owes his education, wealth/ and happiness/ to her care. Charles Dickens is today confirmed/ as one of the great writers of the 19th century. Although his output was greater/ than any of the authoresses/ mentioned above, his impact was not greater/ than theirs. These women/ having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them.
III. Copying expressions and making sentences
Expressions from THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
a consensus in society, oppose the writing of …by…, operate at a time when…, no equality of opportunity for…, discrimination of this kind, in force, a very long time ago, after all, a very old-fashioned idea, a generally held view, only one hundred years ago, even so, another twist to…, in a strange contradiction, produced five of the most courageous and gifted authoresses, get round…, be known as…, produce six completed novels, deal with the problems and limitations of…, at this time, the only respectable career for a woman, the dilemma of her heroines’, follow the lives of five sisters, overcome obstacles to…, in its content, in her refreshingly light and ironic style, evident from the first sentence, a single man with a fortune, be in want of a wife, represent the opinions of …, have daughters to marry, make fun of…, marry their daughters well, find it an even more hopeless task to publish novels under their own names, publish their works using men’s names, adopt this practice, do the same, write under the name of…, see through this deception, give one’s approval to…, the most famous of the three Bronte sisters, revolutionary, the explicit way, struggle against…, in society, outspoken in expressing one’s feelings, demonstrate honesty and conscience in one’s choice, describe the growth of a poor, abused heroine with an unhappy childhood through to a mature person, find eventual happiness, after many struggles and disappointments, be hailed as…, the masterwork of a great genius, become a great success, a revelation after the more reserved feelings expressed in…, examine the morally ambiguous concessions, make concessions in one’s lives, discover a little girl, take in… to live with…, lose one’s second wife’s love, acknowledge…, suffer a mistake, with the 19th century being regarded as…, stand out as…, a literary critic of the injustices of his society, describe the hardships of poor people, possess money or a sponsor to smooth one’s path, experience suffering, meets one’s eccentric kind and tolerant aunt, benefit from…, owe one’s education to …,be confirmed as…, be mentioned above, produce works of the highest quality
IV. Transferring information
Read the text once again to complete the table with necessary information from it.
THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Who? Jane Austen, the three Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), and the writer known as George Eliot.
The first? Jane Austen (1775-1817) was the first of these great women writers.
What does the sentence “Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife.” mean? It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well.
Why did women writers chose to publish their works using men’s names? After Jane Austen, authoresses found it an even more hopeless task to publish novels under their own names.
Who was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters? Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters.
Who was the fifth premier authoress? The fifth premier authoress of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880).
Who were the excellent male authors then? Among the excellent male authors Charles Dickens (1812-1870) stands out as a literary critic of the injustices of his society.
V. Closing down by learning about more novelists
What is a novelist? He/ She is someone who writes novels.
What is an author, writer? They are writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay).
Famous novelists
Agee, James Agee - United States novelist (1909-1955)
Alcott, Louisa May Alcott - United States novelist noted for children's books (1832-1888)
Balzac, Honore Balzac, Honore de Balzac - French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)
Falkner, Faulkner, William Cuthbert Faulkner, William Falkner, William Faulkner - United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)
Jean Genet, Genet - French writer of novels and dramas for the theater of the absurd (1910-1986)
Giraudoux, Hippolyte Jean Giraudoux, Jean Giraudoux - French novelist and dramatist whose plays were reinterpretations of Greek myths (1882-1944)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)
Hugo, Victor Hugo, Victor-Marie Hugo - French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)
George Meredith, Meredith - English novelist and poet (1828-1909)
Luigi Pirandello, Pirandello - Italian novelist and playwright (1867-1936)
Marcel Proust, Proust - French novelist (1871-1922)
Emile Zola, Zola - French novelist and critic; defender of Dreyfus (1840-1902)
Additional Materials
Complete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.
The 10th century turned out five __1___ the most courageous and gifted authoresses. __2___ are Jane Austen, the __3___ Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), __4___ the writer known __5___ George Eliot. Austen (1775-1817) was the first of __6___ great women writers. She __7___ six completed novels, all of which __8___ with the problems and limitations __9___ women’s choices. After Jane Austen, authoresses ___10__ it difficult to publish novels under their own names. So they started to __11___ their works using men’s names. __12___ three Bronte sisters adopting this practice, Mary Ann Evans __13___ the same and wrote __14___ the name of George Eliot. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) __15___ the most outstanding ___16__ the three Bronte sisters. Her novels were __17___ for the explicit way they __18___ women struggling against their __19___ roles in society.
The fifth premier __20___ of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880). Her ___21__ studied __22___ morally ambiguous concessions people __23___ in their lives in order to succeed.
(key: 1.of 2. They 3. three 4. and 5. as 6.these 7. wrote 8. deal 9.of 10. found 11. publish 12. The13. did 14.under 15.was 16. of 17.revolutionary 18.described 19. restricted 20. authoress 21. novels 22. the 23.make )
Notes to the difficult sentences
1. She produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems and limitations of women’s choices. 她寫了六部長篇全集，講的都是婦女選擇的種種問題和局限性。句中all of which引導的是非限制性定語從句。
在“介詞+which / whom”的結構中，介詞的選擇取決于三種情況：⑴定語從句中謂語動詞或表語的搭配，比如：This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. ⑵ 先行詞與介詞的習慣搭配，當先行詞表示“領域、方面”時，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用 in which；
當先行詞表示“價格、利率、速度”時，如：rate, price, speed 等，用at which；
當先行詞表示“程度”時，如：degree, extent等，用 to which；當先行詞表示“根據、依據、基礎”時，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用 on which。比如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 儀表上顯示出這臺機器的運轉的速度。It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. ⑶當定語從句為最高級時 只能用of which，否則用其他介詞： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注意：不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前，如put up with；有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配，此時需要根據上下文來確定。如：be familiar with / to ; compare with / to。
2. “Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife.”人人都知道富裕的單身男人一定都需要找個夫人。want ：1. 缺乏; 不足: stayed home for want of anything better to do沒事可作只好待在家裡 2. 貧乏： lives in want 生活困苦 3. 慾望 a person of few wants and needs 清心寡慾的人
3. Skeptical reviewers did not see through this deception and gave their approval to their work. 多疑的書評人沒有看穿這個騙局，對他們的工作表示贊同。由give構成的短語還有：give a ring, push, pull, kick, smile, cry, sigh, shout, laugh, shrug, welcome, concert, lecture, punch, reply, course, description, blow, definition, kiss, demonstration, hand, raise, give trouble, help, offence, pleasure, encouragement, permission, respect, support, chase, give an excuse, order, example,
give sb. a rise, hand, lift,
4. The book was a revelation after the more reserved feelings expressed in Jane Austen’s novels. 在奧斯汀小說表達了更加保守的感覺之后，這本書卻是對時世的揭露。
5. Her own father has already rejected her, because he fears he would lose his second wife’s love if he acknowledges her ---- a mistake for which the couple both suffer. 因為他害怕，所以她自己的父親已經拒絕她了，因為如果他承認她，他會失去他的第二個妻子的愛--- 一個夫婦兩者都在為之吃苦的錯誤。句中for which引導的是定語從句。 “介詞＋關系代詞”是一個普遍使用的結構，可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
6. These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. 這些女人寫出了高質量的產品,任何19世紀英文文學的調查一定會包括她們的。逗號前是“名詞+現在分詞”構成的獨立主格結構，請看更多例子：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結束了，我們開始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館
相關高考鏈接
請看課文最后一句話：These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. 這些女人寫出了高質量的產品,任何19世紀英文文學的調查一定會包括她們的。逗號前是“名詞+現在分詞”構成的“獨立主格結構”，而“獨立主格結構”正是本單元要復習的語法項目。
獨立主格結構
（一） 獨立主格結構的構成：
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞；
名詞(代詞)+形容詞；
名詞(代詞)+副詞；
名詞(代詞)+不定式；
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。
（二） 獨立主格結構的特點：
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關系。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館。
With的復合結構作獨立主格 表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結構，也可用with的復合結構。
with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系，因此用過去分詞，選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題：
當介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復數。 with 的復合結構不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現在分 詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞，它不是復合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據此判斷，本句中使用的是獨立結構， 其結構為：名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動，應用現在分詞，故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉，再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。
I．獨立主格的結構形式
獨立主格結構在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語擔任，但在四級考試中以分詞擔任第二部分的居多，有時也會由不定式擔任。
1）名詞或主格代詞＋現在分詞
例1，______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．
A）Other things being equal 鶥）Were other things equal
C）To be equal to other things 鶧）Other things to be equal
（答案A B and 4，1997．6）
例2 So many directors ______，the board meeting had to be put off．
A）were absent B）been absent C）had been absent D）being absent
（答案D B and 4，2001．1）
當獨立主格中的分詞所表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作時，用分詞的完成形式
例3 The speech______，a lively discussion started．
A）being delivered B）was delivered C）be delivered鶧）having been delivered
（答案D B and 4，1995．1）
當獨立主格結構中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動作的承受者時，用分詞的被動形式。
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． A）were canceled B）having been canceled C）had been canceled D）have been canceled
（答案BB and 4，1999．1）
2）名詞或主格代詞＋過去分詞
例5 All things_____，the planed trip will have to be called off．
A）be considered鶥）considered C）considering鶧）having considered
（答案BB and 4，1998．6）
3）名詞或主格代詞＋動詞不定式
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed，the construction company will be fined．
A）to be complete B）is completed C）being completed鶧）complete
（答案A B and 4，2001．6）
形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語擔當第二部分的情況在四級考試中雖不多見，但在書面語中卻是一種有效的表達手段，在此略舉幾例，供有興趣的同學參考。
4）名詞或主格代詞＋形容詞
例7 Hands red with the cold，they were sweeping the snow outdoors．（他們在戶外掃雪，兩手凍得通紅。）
5）名詞或主格代詞＋介詞短語
例8 A book in hand，the teacher of English walked into the classroom．（手里拿著本書，英語老師走進教室。）
6）名詞或主格代詞＋副詞
例9 Class over，all students went to play on the playground．（下課了，學生們都到操場上去玩耍。）
7）名詞或主格代詞＋名詞
例10 His first shot failure，he fired again．（他第一槍沒擊中，又打了第二槍。）
8）With 結構用法
例 ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004北京)
A With B Besides C As for D Because of
（答案:A）
例It was a pity that the great writer died _________his works unfinished. (2004福建)
A．for B．with C．from D．of
（答案：B）
例I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.(2005北京)
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
（答案：A）