Unit 12 Fact and fantasy
學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
本單元以談?wù)摗翱茖W(xué)與幻想”為話題，使學(xué)生了解科學(xué)與幻想的區(qū)別，認(rèn)識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)的重要性；同時(shí)通過對(duì)法國(guó)科學(xué)幻想和冒險(xiǎn)小學(xué)家儒勒凡爾納（Jules Verne）及其作品的介紹，激發(fā)學(xué)生探索宇宙奧秘的興趣。學(xué)習(xí)英語構(gòu)詞法。在練習(xí)寫幻想短文“創(chuàng)造一個(gè)類似人類的生物”的實(shí)踐中，培養(yǎng)書面表達(dá)能力，同時(shí)拓展學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維。
單元要點(diǎn)
Word study
1.fantasy 2.league 3.distance 4.ballon 5.fiction 6.servant 7.whale 8.hunter 9.collision 10.permanent 11.guest 12.voyage 13.aboard 14.prisoner 15.gentle 16.marble 17.paraphrase 18.matter 19.phenomena 20.attention 21.labour 22.hesitate 23.butcher 24.curtain 25.lip 1.幻想作品；想象的產(chǎn)物 2.聯(lián)盟；里格（舊時(shí)長(zhǎng)度單位） 3.距離 4.氣球 5.小說；虛構(gòu)的事 6.仆人；公務(wù)員 7.鯨；巨大的人或事 8.獵人；搜索者9.碰撞；沖突 10.永久的；固定不變的 11.客人；客座教授 12.航海；航空 13.在船（飛機(jī)、車）上 14.俘虜；犯人 15.溫柔的；有禮貌的 16.大理石 17.意譯；釋義 18.事情；物質(zhì) 19.現(xiàn)象；奇跡 20.注意力；留心 21.努力；勞動(dòng)果實(shí) 22.猶豫；躊躇 23.屠夫；買肉者 24.窗簾；幕 25.嘴唇；唇狀物
Useful
expressions 1.make a sketch 2.science fiction 3.in the far future 4.come true 5.to make a living 6.lay the foundation 7.sea monster 8.set out to do sth. 9.turn out 10.from that day on 11.begin with… 12.extinct volcano 13.instead of 14.search for 15.dream of 16.throw light upon 17.attract one’s attention 18.slow down 19.in height 20.cut up 1.簡(jiǎn)單描述；列提綱 2.科幻小說 3.在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來 4.實(shí)現(xiàn) 5.謀生 6.奠定基礎(chǔ) 7.海生怪物 8.著手做某事 9.結(jié)果是 10.自從那天起 11.以……為開始 12.死火山 13.而不是 14.找尋 15.夢(mèng)到 16.闡明某事；使某事顯得非常清楚 17.引起某人注意 18.使減速慢行 19.在高度上 20.切碎
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.Jules spent many years in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
2.Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr.Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.
3.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.
4.He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible in his own time.
5.In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.
6.Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.
7.Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper.
8.But I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.
9.While unfinished, he was ugly, but now he was a living horror.
10.Under water travel and space travel have many things in common.
Grammar Word-formation
Topics &Writing Write a short passage about man’s great dream of creating life.
語言點(diǎn)講解
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法國(guó)作家儒勒凡爾納寫了很多著名書籍，比如《海底兩萬里》和《八十天環(huán)游地球》。
（1）Jules Verne 儒勒凡爾納。法國(guó)科學(xué)幻想家和冒險(xiǎn)小說家。
（2）such as
①like; for example 像；諸如；例如 eg:
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.蘭花和報(bào)春花之類的野花越來越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:
Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.我死后全部財(cái)產(chǎn)除了交稅以外全部給你。
（3）league n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格（舊時(shí)長(zhǎng)度單位，約3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:
The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 這匹馬一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 聯(lián)盟；同盟 eg:
The League of Nations is an international organization.國(guó)際聯(lián)盟是一個(gè)國(guó)際組織。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 試試下面的科學(xué)小測(cè)驗(yàn)，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑問句中，與faster, slower, better等連用；用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；絲毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我無法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父親有所好轉(zhuǎn)了嗎？
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距離是多少？
(1) distance n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距離；間距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.自行車騎得好的人一天可以行駛一百多英里。
②distant place or point 遠(yuǎn)處；遠(yuǎn)方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.距離六英里以外的東西很難看清。
(2) at a distance （稍）遠(yuǎn)處，表示一定的距離，近距離或用以說明具體的距離，其不定冠詞a有時(shí)可以略去或改用some。 eg:
This picture looks better at a distance. 這幅畫遠(yuǎn)看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在（較）遠(yuǎn)處，強(qiáng)調(diào)距離之遠(yuǎn)。 eg:
They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.他們期望著發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處敵人的跡象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 與某人保持一定距離；不愿與某人親近 eg:
He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他總是不愿與任何人親近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只氣球能走多快？一架飛機(jī)呢？還有一架航天飛機(jī)呢？
(1)ballon
①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或裝飾品的）氣球 eg:
They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.昨天他們給他們的兒子買了很多氣球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如氣球一般膨脹 eg:
Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子讓風(fēng)吹得鼓起來了。
③go ballooning 乘氣球 eg:
They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他們周末喜歡乘氣球玩。
(2)How/What about …？……怎么樣？常常用來打聽消息或提出建議，征求對(duì)方意見，后接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞。 eg:
How about your mother? Does she feel better today?你媽媽怎么樣聽？她今天覺得好點(diǎn)兒了嗎？
(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飛機(jī)；太空穿梭機(jī) eg:
I have never seen a space shuttle. 我從未看見過航天飛機(jī)。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解
1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
填寫下一頁(yè)的圖表并按他們看到的動(dòng)物的樣子給那種動(dòng)物作一個(gè)速寫。
sketch n.
①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速寫；草圖
②make a sketch of … 作一個(gè)……的速寫 eg:
He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅長(zhǎng)作面部素描。
③short account or description, giving only basic details 簡(jiǎn)短的陳述或素描
④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
Please give a sketch of your plans. 請(qǐng)概述一下你的計(jì)劃。
2. description n. describing; picture in words 描述；描繪
（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人簡(jiǎn)要地描述…… eg:
Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?你能向我簡(jiǎn)要描述一下所發(fā)生的事嗎？
（2）beyond description 難以描述 eg:
Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌難以用語言來描述。
（3）give/make a description of …對(duì)……加以描述 eg:
He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模樣。
（4）describe v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常構(gòu)成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美難以言傳。
3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 為什么薩姆需要知道時(shí)間？
need的用法小結(jié)：
（1）need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常用于疑問句、否定句、條件句、whether/if名詞從句或含否定意義的句子中。 eg:
I do not see why we need discuss it further.我看我們沒有必要討論下去了。
That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.那已全部解決了，沒有必要再討論了。
（2）need又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，各種變化和用法與普通實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同。 eg:
①They need a rest after a long walk.長(zhǎng)距離行走后他們需要休息一下。
②I need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你為我工作！
③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。
（3）need接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式，表示被動(dòng)含義，這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞和主語之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，need doing可轉(zhuǎn)換為need to be done結(jié)構(gòu)，意思相同。
My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)我的頭發(fā)非常需要洗一洗。
The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)花園需要洗水。
4. fiction n.
(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虛構(gòu)之事；捏造的故事 eg:
The film was very good although it was a fiction.這部電影雖屬虛構(gòu)，但很好。
(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作為文學(xué)之一分支的）小說 eg:
Truth is often stranger than fiction.事實(shí)往往比小說還離奇。
(3)science fiction 科幻小說
5. in the future, in future與in the far future.
(1)in the future意思是“將來，今后的時(shí)期”，但不一定就是從今立即開始，而是將來的時(shí)間。 eg:
No one can know what will happen in the future.沒有人會(huì)知道將來會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。
(2)in future意思是“從今以后”（=from now on）。 eg:
In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的發(fā)音。
(3)in the far future 在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來 eg:
It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.
在遙遠(yuǎn)的未來，醫(yī)生有可能找到一種使我們永遠(yuǎn)年輕的辦法。
6. incomplete adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.
下面的文章是不完整的，請(qǐng)用正確的介詞填空。
注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含義的前綴“in-“構(gòu)成的，表達(dá)與complete相反的含義。
7. work with sb.與work with sth.
(1)work with sb.意為“和某人一道工作” eg:
I like to work with him. 我喜歡和他一塊兒工作。
(2)work with sth. 意為“從事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:
Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.王教授多年從事蜜蜂的研究工作。
I would rather work with the bigger brush.我寧愿用那把大一點(diǎn)兒的刷子干活。
8. (1) beat, defeat, win與gain
①beat和defeat屬一組同義詞，它們的賓語必須是人或一個(gè)集體，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上打敗敵人；beat是游戲、比賽的專門用詞。二者�？蓳Q。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我們贏了他們隊(duì)十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他們的部隊(duì)被擊（打）敗。
②win和gain屬一組同義詞。Gain表示獲得需要之物，它常跟的賓語有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在較強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得勝利，它常跟的賓語有g(shù)ame, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
We shall gain experience through practice.我們將通過實(shí)踐獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
They won the battle but lost many men.他們?nèi)〉昧诉@次戰(zhàn)斗的勝利，但犧牲了很多人。
(2)beat, hit, strike與tap
beat著重“連續(xù)性地?fù)舸颉�，如毆打或體罰，也指在游戲、競(jìng)賽或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中擊敗對(duì)方。此外，beat還可用來指心臟的跳動(dòng)。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，還可指罷工，（鐘）敲響之意。hit指“打中”或“對(duì)準(zhǔn)……來打”，著重敲打或打擊對(duì)方的某一點(diǎn)。tap一般是轟轟拍打的意思。 eg:
The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麥子被雨水打得伏倒了。
The stone hit him on the head.石頭擊中了他的頭部。
It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.它（螞蟻）用前腿和觸角敲打臭蟲的背部。
It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code.
它（螞蟻）像使用一種電碼的方式一樣，用觸角輕敲對(duì)方的頭部。
9. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.醫(yī)生可能會(huì)找到一種使我們永遠(yuǎn)保持年輕的辦法。
（1）“way”意為“方式，方法”，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定語。 eg:
Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.曹沖想出了一個(gè)稱象的辦法。
（2）此外，如果way之后跟定語從句，那么這個(gè)定語從句用in which或that引導(dǎo)，也可省略。 eg:
This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.這就是他們解決那個(gè)問題的辦法。
10. believe sb. 與believe in sb.
believe sb.相信某人（所說的話是真的）
believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.我相信他的話是真的，但我不能信任他。
生詞和詞組
1. bulb n.
①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 電燈泡 eg:
If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有時(shí)間的話，請(qǐng)換個(gè)燈泡。
②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鱗莖；球莖（如百合、洋蔥、郁金香的莖） eg:
We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我們烹調(diào)洋蔥莖作為食物。
③object shaped like a bulb 球狀物 eg:
The bulb of this thermometer is broken.這支溫度計(jì)的球狀頂端碎了。
2. foundation n.
①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （機(jī)構(gòu)，組織等的）建立，創(chuàng)立，創(chuàng)辦 eg:
He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
他把全部精力都致力于這所大學(xué)的創(chuàng)辦。
②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作為某事的）基本原則、思想或事實(shí)；基礎(chǔ) eg:
This success laid the foundation of his career.這次成功為他的事業(yè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
③foundation course 基礎(chǔ)課
④ foundation-stone 奠基石
⑤found v.建立，創(chuàng)立
⑥founder n. 建立者；締造者
3. servant n.
①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人；傭人 eg:
He had a lot of servants work for him. 他讓很多仆人為他工作。
②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇員（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公務(wù)員 eg:
He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是這個(gè)公司里的一個(gè)可靠雇員。
4. whale
(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鯨 eg:
A whale is not a fish.鯨不是魚。
(2)have a whale of a time（習(xí)語）玩得非常愉快 eg:
The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.孩子們?cè)谟螛穲?chǎng)玩得很高興。
(3)v. hunt whales 捕鯨 eg:
They are whaling at sea. 他們正在海上捕鯨。
(4)whaler n.捕鯨；捕鯨的人
5. hunter n. person who hunts 獵人；搜索者；搜尋者 eg:
The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
那個(gè)獵人那天去打獵的時(shí)候在森林里迷了路。
6. collision n. [C,U]
①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物與物或人與人）相撞，碰撞，撞壞
常構(gòu)成：collision with sb./sth. 與某人/某物相撞
collision between A and B A與B相撞 eg:
The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 兩車相撞造成三人死亡。
②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵觸；（相反的目的、看法、意見等的）沖突 eg:
Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活動(dòng)觸犯了法律。
7. overboard adv.
①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 從船上落（或拋）入水中；在船外 eg:
The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手從船上跳入水中。
②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 對(duì)（某人/某事）極感興趣或過分感興趣 eg:
He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.他對(duì)年輕的女子見一個(gè)愛一個(gè)。
③throw sth./sb. overboard 拋棄某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.該黨慘敗落選后罷免了黨魁。
8. submarine n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潛水艇 eg:
A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潛水艇在海面下行駛。
9. permanent adj.
①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恒的；長(zhǎng)久的；長(zhǎng)期的 eg:
She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
②not likely to change 不大可能改變的 eg:
She wrote down my permanent address. 她寫下了我的固定地址。
10. guest
(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense賓客；客人 eg:
We are expecting guests this weekend. 我們本周末要來客人。
(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅館、寄宿處等的人；旅客 eg:
This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.這旅館能接待500位客人。
(3)客座教授 eg:
Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.
我們的客座教授王教授，今晚要給我們作一個(gè)關(guān)于DNA的演講。
(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在電視或廣播節(jié)目中）客串 eg:
She often guests on a radio programme.她經(jīng)常在一個(gè)廣播節(jié)目中客串。
11. voyage (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:
They made a voyage across the Atlantic.他們作了一次橫越大西洋的航行。
(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飛行 eg:
A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.一架飛機(jī)作航天飛行時(shí)墜毀了。
(3)voyager n. 航行者；航海者；航天者
12. aboard adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船（或飛機(jī)、車）上；上船；登機(jī) eg:
We went aboard. 我們上了船。
13. prisoner n.
①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:
He was kept as a prisoner.他作為一個(gè)囚犯被關(guān)了起來。
②person that has been captured被抓起來的人；俘虜；失去自由的人 eg:
You are our prisoner now.你現(xiàn)在是我們的俘虜了。
14. gentle adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 溫和的；慈祥的；小心的；溫柔的；文雅的；輕輕的 eg:
I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一個(gè)慈祥的老太太。
15. extinct adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某種動(dòng)物等）不再存在的；絕種的；滅絕的 eg:
If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct.
我們?nèi)衾^續(xù)破壞鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境，將會(huì)有更多的動(dòng)物絕種。
②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄滅了的 eg:
The fire was extinct.火滅了。
16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division層（尤指數(shù)層之一） eg:
Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.穿幾層薄的衣服總比穿一層厚的衣服暖和。
②person who lays sth. on… 鋪設(shè)者
17. marble
(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
These steps are made of marble. 這些臺(tái)階是大理石建造的。
(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石藝術(shù)品
(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
She has marble skin. 她有著大理石般光潔的皮膚。
18. paraphrase
(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand將（一段文字等）釋義或意譯（尤指為易于理解） eg:
He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.他用通俗英語意譯了一篇演講稿。
(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand
（對(duì)一段文字等的）釋義，意義（尤指為易于理解） eg:
The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.該十四行詩(shī)的意譯易于理解。
19. definition [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（詞語等的）釋義 eg:
Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
辭書編纂者必須精于給詞語下定義的技巧。
20. misbehave v. behave badly or improperly 行為不端；舉止不當(dāng) eg:
She misbehaved. 她行為不端。
21. subtitle n. (usu. pl. 通常作復(fù)數(shù)) (esp. cinema 尤用于電影)
words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.沒有字幕的話我就理解不了這部電影。
22. interchangeable adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交換的，可互換的，可交替的（尤指不影響操作的） eg:
The two words are interchangeable. 這兩個(gè)單詞是可互換的。
23. underpants n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）內(nèi)褲 eg:
He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿內(nèi)褲站在那兒。
24. study law study 研究；學(xué)習(xí)；求學(xué)。 study law意為“研究法律”，law前不加冠詞，類似的用法還有study medicine“研究醫(yī)學(xué)”。 eg:
He wanted to study law. 他想學(xué)法律。
25. make a living與make one’s living意為“謀生”，這里的make也可換成earn/gain/get。在表達(dá)“靠做……以謀生”之意時(shí)，常用短語earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爺爺靠給一個(gè)地主干活為生。
26. …allow man to do things … ……允許人類做……, allow可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
allow sb. to do sth.→被動(dòng)：sb. be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth.允許做某事 eg:
Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 媽媽不允許我晚上外出。
They didn’t allow smoking here. 這兒不允許吸煙。
類似用法的動(dòng)詞還有：advise, permit, forbid等詞。
27. set out與set off
(1)set out意為“出發(fā)/啟程”，表達(dá)“動(dòng)身去某地”時(shí)用“set out for sp.”此時(shí)可與“set off for sp.”互換。 eg:
They set out for town at dawn.他們?cè)诜鲿詣?dòng)身進(jìn)城了。
(2)set out to do sth.意為“開始做某事”。 eg:
When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，醫(yī)生就開始動(dòng)起手術(shù)來了。
28. on board上船（或飛機(jī)、火車、汽車等）；在船上（或飛機(jī)上、火車上、汽車上）。 eg:
As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.我們一上船，船就出港了。
29. from that day on從那天起，“from+時(shí)間+on”表示“從……時(shí)候起”，如“from then/now/1998 on”表示“從那時(shí)/現(xiàn)在/1998年起”之意。可與現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的時(shí)態(tài)連用。 eg:
From then on she knew she would win. 從那時(shí)起她就知道她將取勝。
30. defend … against/from …保護(hù)/保衛(wèi)/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
The soldiers defended their country against enemies.戰(zhàn)士們保衛(wèi)他們的祖國(guó)抵御敵人。
It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.保護(hù)自己的孩子不受傷害是一個(gè)母親的天性。
同、近義詞辨析
1. electric與electrical
(1)electric電的；用電的；帶電的；發(fā)電的
an electric current/torch/iron 電流/電筒/電熨斗 eg:
He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他買了一個(gè)手電筒。
(2)electrical關(guān)于電的
electrical engineering電機(jī)工程學(xué) eg:
He majored in electrical engineering in the college.他在大學(xué)里主修電機(jī)工程學(xué)。
2. discover, find out與invent
(1)discover指“發(fā)現(xiàn)”某種本來存在，而以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物或未為人所知的東西。
(2)find out常用來指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，做“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時(shí)，是指發(fā)現(xiàn)一種無形而隱藏的東西。
(3)invent表“發(fā)明”之意，意思是發(fā)明出以前沒有的東西，往往是物質(zhì)性的東西。 eg:
Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.吉伯特發(fā)現(xiàn)了電，而愛迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。
Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.仔細(xì)想想，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你錯(cuò)了。
3. instead與instead of
instead是副詞；instead of為介詞短語，后接名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞或介詞短語，從句等形式。一般情況下，含有instead of的句子可以改寫為含有instead的句子。 eg:
He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.他沒去上學(xué)，而是在床上躺了一整天。
I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.
=I drank juice instead of water. 我沒有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
4. late, lately, latest, later與latter
(1)late指比預(yù)料的或正常的時(shí)間晚。 eg:
I was late for work again.我上班又遲到了。
(2)lately“近來”，常用于疑問句，否定句，或與only連用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
Have you seen her lately?你最近看到過她嗎？
(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:
Have you got the latest news about him? 你有他最近的消息嗎？
(4)later“后來”，“較晚的時(shí)候”，也可和段時(shí)間連用，表示從過去或?qū)砟骋粫r(shí)間起，多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后。 eg:
Later the boy found his mother. 后來那個(gè)男孩找到了他媽媽。
(5)latter用來表示兩事物之間的順序，意為“后一個(gè)/后者”，與the former（前者）相對(duì)。 eg:
Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活著。
5. at the beginning與in the beginning
(1)at the beginning通常接of短語，表示“在……初”，“在……開始的時(shí)候”，它的反義短語是at the end of。 eg:
Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.在那個(gè)世紀(jì)初發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“開始的時(shí)候”，不與of介詞短語連用。但at the beginning偶爾也可單獨(dú)使用，在意思上與in the beginning區(qū)別不大。 eg:
In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.起初沒人理睬他的話。
6. finally, at last與in the end
(1)finally一般指一系列事物或論點(diǎn)按排列的最后一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，或用在動(dòng)詞前，表示等了好久才……，沒有感情色彩。 eg:
Finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我們來做一些練習(xí)吧。
(2)at last往往表示經(jīng)過一番努力或曲折的過程之后的意思，常常有較濃的感情色彩。 eg:
At last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后終于抓住了大象的尾巴。
(3)in the end可與finally和at last通用。 eg:
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.
這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了四年，最后北方取得了勝利。（但in the end可預(yù)卜未來。）
知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解
1. Jules spent many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
儒勒在巴黎圖書館花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間研究地質(zhì)學(xué)，物理學(xué)和許多其他的學(xué)科。
spend“花費(fèi)”，常用于下面的結(jié)構(gòu)：
spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花費(fèi)錢/時(shí)間
eg: He does not spend much time on his homework.他在做作業(yè)上花費(fèi)不了多少時(shí)間。
注意區(qū)別spend與take。
Take的用法是：It takes/took/will take sb. Some time to do sth.“做某事花費(fèi)某人多少時(shí)間” eg:
It took him two hours to finish the work. 完成這份工作花費(fèi)了他兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
2. Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小說里所提到的許多設(shè)備會(huì)讓讀者想起本杰明富蘭克林用電做的實(shí)驗(yàn)。
remind提醒；使想起；可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
Please remind me to answer that letter.請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐一貜?fù)那封信。
(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
He reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
(3)remind sb. that從句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
He reminded me that I didn’t finish my work.他提醒了我，說我沒完成自己的工作。
3. By taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通過將他所處時(shí)代的科學(xué)發(fā)展向前推進(jìn)一步，儒勒凡爾納奠定了現(xiàn)代科幻小說的基礎(chǔ)。
by在本句是介詞，說明手段或方式，可譯作“通過，用，以，由于”等，其后常跟名詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式。 eg:
This pair of shoes is made by hand. 這雙鞋是手工做的。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 幫助他們就等于救了我們自己。
注意by表達(dá)這種含義時(shí)與with和in的區(qū)別；表示使用有形的工具或器官時(shí)要用with，其后的名詞前一般應(yīng)用冠詞。使用某種語言，表示用墨水、顏色、顏料等“原料”或“材料”都用in，且名詞前不用冠詞。 eg:
It is my practice（習(xí)慣） to do my writing with a pencil. 我習(xí)慣用鉛筆寫。
Can you sing this song in English? 你能用英語唱這首歌嗎？
It is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用紅墨水寫信是不禮貌的。
4. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他們努力求生時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己就在怪獸身體的表面上，結(jié)果怪獸竟然是一艘潛水艇。
(1)這里的which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞the monster itself。
(2)in their efforts中的in表示“正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)”。 eg:
He is always in action.他總是在行動(dòng)中。
W seem to be in agreement on the matter.在這件事上我們的意見看來是一致的。
(3)turn out to be“結(jié)果是……”，“最后情況是……” eg:
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.盡管今早看起來要下雨，最后卻是晴天。
The meeting turned out to be very successful. 結(jié)果那個(gè)會(huì)議很成功。
5. They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.
他們被帶到了艇上。尼莫船長(zhǎng)決定不殺死他們而是使他們成為他永久的客人。
(1)decide to do sth. 決定做某事；decide not to do sth.決定不做某事 eg:
We decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我們決定暫時(shí)不出國(guó)了。
(2)not…but…“不是……而是……”，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，如連接兩個(gè)并列賓語，兩個(gè)并列表語或兩個(gè)并列主語等。注意當(dāng)not…but…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞要采用就近一致的原則，即與but后的主語保持一致。 eg:
He can speak not Chinese but Japanese.他不會(huì)講漢語會(huì)講日語。
He is not a poet but a writer. 他不是詩(shī)人而是作家。
Not I but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜歡足球。
(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用來作them的補(bǔ)足語。
6. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 擺設(shè)很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打開或關(guān)上，讓人看到水下世界。
(1)這里的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句(that can be opened and closed)用于修飾先行詞huge glass windows.
(2)a view of …“……的景色”或“看；眺望；觀察”之意。 eg:
There’s a view of the river from my windows.在我的窗前可看到河上風(fēng)光。
If you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.如果你站在這里，就可以更清楚地看到游行隊(duì)伍。
7. All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部來自于海洋。
That is needed for life on board是定語從句，修飾先行詞all。
注：（1）當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等時(shí)，賓語從句只能由that引導(dǎo)。 eg:
The boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那個(gè)男孩把他在大街上撿到的一切東西都交給了警察。
（2）all that=what eg:
All that the said was true.=What he said was true.他所說的一切都是真的。
8. Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他們穿著潛水衣，在船上燈的照射下在這個(gè)魔幻世界中四處走動(dòng)。
(1)dress ①vt. “給某人穿衣服”用于“dress sb.”結(jié)構(gòu)中。dress oneself意為“給自己穿衣服”；be dressed in意為“穿著……”。 The gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.那位先生穿著一件很新潮的衣服。
②vi. “穿著/打扮”之意 eg:
She dressed well. 她穿得很好。
(2)walk around四處走動(dòng) eg:
He walked around in the room. 他在房間里走來走去。
9. (1)They find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被彩色的巖石、魚、貝殼和植物包圍著，這些東西在藍(lán)色的海域中慢慢地?fù)u曳移動(dòng)著。
(2)But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他時(shí)刻，當(dāng)他為了那些隨著沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣時(shí)，你又會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他溫柔又脆弱。
上面兩句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常見用法。這里surrounded是過去分詞，gentle和weak是形容詞，它們都用來做賓補(bǔ)。find的此種用法可歸納為：find+sb./sth.+adj./介詞短語/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
I found the ground covered with snow when I opened the door.當(dāng)我打開門的時(shí)候我發(fā)現(xiàn)地面鋪滿了雪。
When he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.他進(jìn)來的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)小偷天在偷他的錢。
10. Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿過煤層和大理石層他們走得越來越深了。
deeper and deeper越來越深
這種“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)“越來越……”之意。 eg:
summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.夏天已經(jīng)到了，天氣越來越熱了。
典型病句診斷
1.病句：We are not allowed playing with fire.
診斷：We are not allowed to play with fire.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的playing改為to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，應(yīng)該是sb. be allowed to do sth.
2.病句：He has set out to Beijing.
診斷：He has set out for Beijing.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的to改為for。“動(dòng)身去某地”用“set out for sp.”是固定搭配。
3.病句：This machine has an electric fault.
診斷：This machine has an electrical fault.
點(diǎn)撥：把句中的electric改為electrical。Electric是“用電的/帶電的/發(fā)電的/電的”之意，而electrical表達(dá)“有關(guān)于電的”之意。根據(jù)本句之意，應(yīng)表達(dá)“有關(guān)電的毛病”，所以要把electric改為electrical。
4.病句：Columbus found out America.
診斷：Columbus discovered America.
點(diǎn)撥：found out表示“弄明白，搞清楚”之意。而“哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲”很明顯應(yīng)是發(fā)現(xiàn)本來就存在而以前未能發(fā)現(xiàn)的美洲，應(yīng)用discover表達(dá)這種含義。
5.病句：We’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
診斷：We’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
點(diǎn)撥：instead是副詞，而介詞短語instead of后面才能跟介詞短語。若用instead，上句可改為：We won’t have a party in the house. Instead we will have it ni the open air.。
6.病句：What have you been doing latest?
診斷：What have you been doing lately?
點(diǎn)撥：“l(fā)atest”是adj. ，表達(dá)“最新的；最近的”之意，而句中需要一個(gè)副詞表達(dá)“最近”之意。
7.病句：I took 3 hours doing my homework.
診斷：I spent 3 hours doing my homework.
點(diǎn)撥：spend表“花費(fèi)”之意，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”。而take當(dāng)“花費(fèi)”講時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)是“It take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.”。
8.病句：These old pictures reminded me my childhood.
診斷：These old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
點(diǎn)撥：remind不能跟雙賓語，即不能構(gòu)成remind sb. sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)“提醒某人某事”時(shí)要用“remind sb. of sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。
9.病句：What have you done by the old things?
診斷：What have you done with the old things?
點(diǎn)撥：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。The old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with還有“處理”，“放置”之意。
10.病句：All which she did made us very surprised.
診斷：All that she did made us very surprised.
點(diǎn)撥：當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞時(shí)，定語從句應(yīng)由that引導(dǎo)，不能用which。all為不定代詞。其他的不定代詞如everything, something, little, much等也符合這種用法。
單元語法知識(shí)歸納：構(gòu)詞
在英語中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。
1.合成法：把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的方法叫合成法，也叫合詞法。
（1）合成名詞highway 公路
（2）合成形容詞hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深藍(lán)
（3）合成動(dòng)詞ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) safe guard 保衛(wèi)
（4）合成副詞however 然而 downstairs 在樓下
（5）合成代詞 anybody nobody something
2.轉(zhuǎn)化法：轉(zhuǎn)化是指詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類。
（1）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
常用give, take, have, make等動(dòng)詞與其搭配構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 eg:
give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk談話 make a wish 許愿
（2）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
How long is the road？那條路有多條？（形容詞）
How long have you been working there? 你在那里工作了多久？（副詞）
（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 eg:
The storm slowed down to half its speed. 風(fēng)暴速度減慢了一半。
The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子們慢慢安靜了下來了。
（4）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 eg:
The hall can seat two thousand people.大廳能坐2000人。
The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客們已經(jīng)訂了飛機(jī)票。
（5）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了點(diǎn)毛病。（形容詞）
Little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨別是非。（名詞）
3.派生法
派生是由詞根加詞綴（前綴、后綴）構(gòu)成新詞。除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般只改變?cè)~的意義，不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般只改變?cè)~性，不引起詞義的變化。
前 綴 例 詞
a-構(gòu)成形容詞、副詞 Alive（活著的）, abroad（在國(guó)外）, alone
dis-（否定） discourage, disagree
en-（使可能） enrich, enable(使成為可能)，endanger
in-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非） invisible(看不見), illogical（不合邏輯的）, impossible, irregular（不規(guī)則的）
inter-（相互，之間） international, interchange
mis-（誤） mislay, misunderstand（誤會(huì)）,mislead（誤導(dǎo)）
re-（重復(fù)，再） recycle（循環(huán)）,remarry, rewrite
tele-（遠(yuǎn)程） telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（電信）
un-（不），non-（不，非） unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非導(dǎo)體）
后 綴 例 詞
名
詞 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
-ese……地方的人 Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician（技術(shù)員）， African, Asian
-ist 專業(yè)人員 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
-ment性質(zhì)，狀態(tài) movement（運(yùn)動(dòng)）, development, encouragement
-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài) illness, shyness, sadness, business
-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
名
詞 -tion表示動(dòng)作、過程、結(jié)果 ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action
形
容
詞
practical（實(shí)用的）,international, final
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
helpful, useful, harmful
reasonable, capable, eatable
foolish, British, English selfish
active, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptive
windy, sleepy, healthy, sunny
careless, selfless（無私心的）,harmless, useless
動(dòng)
詞 -fy使……化 simplify（簡(jiǎn)化）, terrify（恐嚇）, satisfy
-ize使……成為 realize（實(shí)現(xiàn)）, organize, stabilize, modernize
副
詞 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）
數(shù)
詞 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty整十位數(shù) forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
-th序數(shù)詞 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
知識(shí)記憶
1.collision n.碰撞，沖突
a head-on collision正面沖突或相撞
He was killed in a car collision.他在一次汽車相撞中死亡。
His car had a collision with a bus.他的車與公交車相撞了。
A collision with Parliament could ruin the government’s plans.與議會(huì)的沖突可能會(huì)破壞政府的計(jì)劃。
be in collision (with)/come into collision (with)(與……)沖突，相撞，發(fā)生矛盾
The two ships came into collision.那兩只船相撞了。
People with revolutionary ideas may find themselves in collision with the forces of the law.
想革命的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們自己與法律的勢(shì)力水火不相容。
2.permanent adj.永久的，固定的，長(zhǎng)期不變的
permanent peace 長(zhǎng)久的和平
a permanent job 固定的職業(yè)
The drug may cause permanent brain damage.這種藥可能會(huì)引起永久性的腦部傷害。
This is my permanent address.這是我的固定居所。
After doing odd jobs for a week, he got a permanent job.做了一個(gè)星期的零工后，他找到了一份固定工作。
3.voyage n.航海，航行
The ship set out on a long voyage.那艘船出發(fā)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)途航行。
The voyage to England took seven days.這次去英國(guó)的航行時(shí)間是七天。
We made a voyage to Australia.我們航行到了澳大利亞。
He is now on the voyage home.他正在返航途中。
David went on a voyage around the world.大衛(wèi)作了環(huán)游世界的航行。
When I give up work I shall make/take a long sea voyage.我離職后要作一次長(zhǎng)途航海旅行。
4.aboard adv.在船(飛機(jī)、車)上，上船，上飛機(jī)
All aboard! 各位請(qǐng)上船(飛機(jī)、車)!
Welcome aboard! 歡迎大家乘船(飛機(jī)、車)!
All 257 aboard died in the airliner crash.那次飛機(jī)失事中，機(jī)上的257名乘客全部遇難。
We got aboard though the boat was crowded.雖然船上很擁擠，我們還是上了船。
He came running along and climbed aboard just as the train was to pull out.
就在火車即將開動(dòng)時(shí)，他跑過來了并爬上了火車。
5.gentle adj.溫和的，溫柔的，有禮貌的，文雅的
Mothers are always gentle with their children.母親對(duì)待孩子總是溫柔體貼。
My new teacher is both gentle and encouraging toward me.我的新老師對(duì)我既溫和又鼓勵(lì)。
Mary is very gentle; she never talks roughly.瑪麗很文雅，她從來不說粗話。
She was small, and gentle in her voice and movements.她小巧玲瓏，聲音溫柔，動(dòng)作文雅。
She gave the baby a gentle pat on the back.她在小孩的背上輕輕地拍了一下。
6.throw light on/upon使……顯得非常清楚
The modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展已使這個(gè)問題明朗化。
Can you throw any light on the problem? 你能把這個(gè)問題闡述清楚嗎？
The information throws light upon the mystery of Dr Bake.這個(gè)信息可以解開貝克醫(yī)生之迷。
7.matter n.事情，問題[C]；物質(zhì)，內(nèi)容[U]
a private matter 私事
the matter under discussion 討論中的問題
Political matters interest him greatly.他對(duì)政治問題深感興趣。
It’s no laughing matter.這不是開玩笑的事。
The world is made up of matter.世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.物質(zhì)以三種形態(tài)存在，即固體、液體