一、強調句

（一）強調句句型

1、陳述句的強調句型：It is/ was + 被強調部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當強調主語且主語指人）+ 其它部分。

e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.

2、一般疑問句的強調句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。

e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

3、特殊疑問句的強調句型：被強調部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？

e.g. When and where was it that you were born?

4、強調句例句：針對I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子進行強調。

強調主語：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.

強調賓語：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.

強調地點狀語：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

強調時間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.

5、注意：構成強調句的it本身沒有詞義；強調句中的連接詞一般只用that, who，即使在強調時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此，that, who不可省略；強調句中的時態只用兩種，一般現在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was … ，其余的時態用It is … 。

（二）not … until … 句型的強調句

1、句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分

e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強調句型，till, until可通用；因為句型中It is/ was not … 已經是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

（三）謂語動詞的強調

1、It is/ was … that … 結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用助動詞do/ does或did。

e.g. Do sit down. 務必請坐。

He did write to you last week. 上周他確實給你寫了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時，務必（千萬）要小心啊！

2、注意：此種強調只用do/ does和did ，沒有別的形式；過去時用did ，后面的謂語動詞用原形。

二、It的用法

（一）作人稱代詞

1、it代替前面（或后面）的單數名詞或分句等所表示的事物。

e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）

Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）

They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it. （it代替前面They…town分句中的情況）

2、代替有生命但不能或不必分陰陽性的東西（包括嬰兒）。

e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）

The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）

3、在某些習慣說法中，可以代替人。

e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me.

---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children.

---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.

4、it與one的區別：這兩個詞都可以代表前面說過的名詞，但it用于同名同物的場合；one則用于同名異物的場合。

e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it.

---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk.

5、it與that的區別：兩詞都可代替某一特定名詞，但that指同一類，并非同一個。

e.g. The climate of South China is mild（溫和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）

The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）

（二）作無人稱代詞

it作無人稱代詞時，除了句中找不到它所代表的詞語外，另一個特點是它后面的內容都是表示天氣、時間、距離、度量衡及情況等。

It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).

It is noon.

It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.

It is eighteen square metres in area.

What does it matter?

（三）作強調詞，構成強調結構

用以幫助改變句子結構，使句子的某一成分受到強調。“It is (was) + 所強調的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在這個句型中，it本身沒有詞義。詳見“一、強調句”。

（四）引導詞it作形式主語（賓語）

為了使句子平衡，常采用形式主語（或賓語）it ，而把真正的主語（或賓語）置于句子后面。通常引導詞it與它所代替的句子成分中間要夾有某些詞。

e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It與to go there on foot之間夾有takes half an hour四個詞）

We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it與that從句中間夾有 strange）

但有時it與所替代部分之間并不夾有其它詞。

e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因為介詞on之后一般不直接接that引導的賓語從句。注意：it不是多余的，不能當作錯句）

練習一、強調句、It的用法

1. My bike is missing. I can’t find ____ anywhere.

A. one B. ones C. it D. that

2. ---- Who’s that? ---- ____ Professor Li.

A. That’s B. It’s C. He’s D. This’s

3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.

A. It B. He C. She D. That

4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, I’ve seen ____.

A. that B. it C. such D. one

5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.

A. It B. There C. Those D. You

7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government.

A. that B. this C. its D. it

8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing.

A. that B. it C. which D. what

9. ____ four years since I joined the Army.

A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is

10. How long ____ to finish the work?

A. you’ll take B. you’ll take it C. will it take you D. will take you

11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang.

A. who B. whom C. how D. that

12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting.

A. where B. that C. in which D. on which

13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded.

A. which B. when C. as D. that

14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?

A. and B. that C. that’s D. so

15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying.

A. it B. that C. so D. she

16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.

A. many years that B. many years before C. many years ago that D. many years when

17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.

A. It, all B. It, that C. There, who D. There, that

18. So ____ that no fish can live in it.

A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow

三、省略

為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：

（一）簡單句中的省略

1、省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數現成的說法。

e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括號內為省略的詞語，下同）

(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.

2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。

e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?

3、省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。

e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).

He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).

注意：如果該賓語是be動詞或完成時態，則須在to之后加上be或have。

e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.

---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.

4、省略表語。

e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).

5、同時省略幾個成分。

e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.

---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.

（二）并列句中的省略

兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。

e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

（三）主從復合句中的省略

1、主句中有一些成分被省略。

e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.

(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.

2、省略了一個從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。

e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.

---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.

這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。

（四）其它省略

1、連詞that的省略：

①、賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況（參看“名詞性從句”等有關部分）。

②、在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時可省略。

③、引導主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。

2、不定式符號to的省略

①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。

e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.

②、某些使役動詞（如let, make, have）及感官動詞（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作賓語補足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被動語態中須把to復原。

e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

③、介詞but前若有動詞do，后面的不定式不帶to。

e.g. The boy did nothing but play.

3、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句主語一致時，可省去“主語 + be”部分。（參看“狀語從句”有關部分）

4、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序有變化（參見“倒裝句”有關部分）

5、主句與從句各有一些成分省略。

e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

四、插入語

英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或者句子，用來補充某些含義。語法上稱他們為“插入語”。

（一）插入語的類型：

1、單詞（多是副詞），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。

e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起來倒是健康。

I can, however, discuss this when I see you.

2、短語

e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.

By the way, where are you from?

3、句子

e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.

Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.

（二）插入語的位置

通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號隔開。但有時，也可位于句首或句末（見上面例句）。也有時，并不用逗號隔開。

e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我認為，你明白你錯了。

What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？

（三）插入語在句中的作用

一般來說，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。

e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他這消息誰也不知道是從哪兒得來的。

（四）插入語的特殊用法

下面這種復雜的特殊疑問句，也可認為包含有“插入語”。這種疑問句（有的語法書也稱為“混合疑問句”或“連鎖疑問句”）常用來征詢對方對某一疑問點的看法、判斷、認識、猜度或請求對方重復一遍說過的話。口語中出現頻率極高。常用動詞有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。

e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?

When do you suppose they’ll be back?

How old did you think she was

（五）大綱中要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語

by the way 順便說，順便問一下；so far 到目前為止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足為奇；as a matter of fact 事實上；come along 快點，來吧；in other words 換句話說；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，結果。

練習二、省略和插入語

1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____.

A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have

2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____?

A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do

3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.

A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so

4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.

A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to

5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.

A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is

6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.

A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were

7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.

A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When

8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home.

A. Should B. Would C. When D. If

9. I like sports and ____ my brother.

A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes

10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.

A. was B. He was C. who is D. although

11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____.

A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t

12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____.

A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going

13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（標準） - ____, you failed.

A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time

14. How long ____ she would stay here?

A. did she say B. she said C. did D. /

15. ____ could do such thing?

A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who

練習三、綜合訓練

1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____?

A. this B. he C. it D. the one

2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker.

A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is

3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here.

A. that B. when C. after D. who

4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth.

A. why B. which C. so D. that

5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died?

A. where B. that C. which D. in which

6. ____ is no difference between A and B.

A. It B. Where C. There D. What

7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.

A. was B. were C. are D. had been

8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go yet before we arrive.”

A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is

9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.

A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which

10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly ____.

A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed

11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A. There B. This C. That D. It

12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

A. that B. until C. before D. when

13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began.

A. while B. which C. that D. since

14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____. A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it

15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____.

A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to

16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed.

A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know

18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here.

A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I

19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.

A. It B. What C. So D. Such

20. ____, he would have passed the exam.

A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard

21. ---- David has made great progress recently. ---- ____, and ____. A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have

22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than

B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when

23. He was unable to make such progress, ____.

A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he