名詞
（一）概述
名詞是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名稱的詞，可以說名詞是萬物之名稱。它們可以是：
人的名字 Li Ming, Tom
地方名稱 China, London
職業(yè)稱呼 teacher, doctor
物品名稱 pencil, dictionary
行為名稱 study, invention
抽象概念 history, grammar
（二）普通名詞和專有名詞
1．普通名詞
凡不屬于特定的人名、地名、事物名稱或概念名稱的名詞，都屬于普通名詞。這類名詞在所有的名詞中占絕大多數(shù)。普通名詞大致有以下四種類型：
1）個體名詞
個體名詞指作為個體而存在的人或物。可以指具體的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts.
他有兩個姑姑。
Most classrooms have computers.
多數(shù)教室里都有電腦。
也可指抽象東西，例如：
We’ve lived here for twenty years.
我們在這里住了二十年了。
I had a dream last night
我昨晚做了一個夢。
個體名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：weeks, problems;單數(shù)形式可以和a/an連用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.
2）集體名詞
集體名詞表示由個體組成的集體，下面是一些常見的集體名詞：
family（家，家庭） army（軍隊） company（公司；全體船員） enemy（敵人） government（政府）
group（小組，團體） public（公眾） team（隊；組） police（警方）
作單數(shù)看待 作復(fù)數(shù)看待
His family isn't large.
他家人不多。
The government is planning to build a dam here.
政府打算在這里建一座水壩。
The public was unlikely to support it.
公眾支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers.
他家的人都喜歡音樂。
The government are discussing the plan.
政府在討論這個計劃。
The public were deceived by the newspaper.
公眾受到報紙的蒙騙。
集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待。一般說來，視為整體時作單數(shù)看待，想到它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看待：
例如：
有的集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)，例如：
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
我們公司將派他去柏林工作。
有的集體名詞多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。例如：
The police are looking for him.
警察正在找他。
3）物質(zhì)名詞
物質(zhì)名詞指無法分為個體的東西，我們學(xué)過的常見的物質(zhì)名詞有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般說來，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)折，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：
a．有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”，“一杯”：
Tree beers, please.
請來三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me.
給我一份巧克力冰淇淋。
b．有此物質(zhì)名詞可作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一種”：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.
這是一種特別的茶，有桔子花葉。
It was a delicious wine.
那是一種美味的紅酒。
c．個別物質(zhì)名詞可用于復(fù)數(shù)形式或有特殊意義：
It was now the time of the spring rains.
現(xiàn)在是春天雨季的時候。
Here are the snows of last year.
這是去看的積雪。
d．抽象名詞
抽象名詞主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可數(shù)，因此沒有復(fù)形，前面也一般不加不定冠詞a/an。常見的抽象名詞有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。例如：
safety first!
安全第一！
It’s wonderful weather.
天氣好極了。
但有時也加定冠詞the,或不定冠詞a/an.
例如：
I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.
我永遠不會忘記那個湖的美麗。
There’s a beauty in simplicity.
樸實之中有一種美。
2．專有名詞
專有名詞主要指人名、地名及某些類人和事物專有的名稱。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua
2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某類人的名稱：Americans, Russians
4）某些抽象事物的名稱：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及節(jié)日名稱：May, Saturday, Easter
6）書名、電影及詩歌的名稱：Cone with the Wind
7）對家人等的稱呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom
專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。
（三）可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
名詞按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞兩類。可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
a country
a class
a sheep
a tomato countries
classes
sheep
tomatoes
普通名詞中的個體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數(shù)的，所以它們又可稱為可數(shù)名詞。可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)往往要同不定冠詞a或an連用，復(fù)數(shù)則要使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
普通名詞中的物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞及專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)的，這些名詞又可稱為不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞不能用不定冠詞修飾，也不存在復(fù)數(shù)形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英語中個別名詞既可以作不可數(shù)名詞，又可以作可數(shù)名詞。但由于用法不同，它們的意思往往也不大相同，對這些名詞要特別注意。
例如
作不可數(shù)名詞 作可數(shù)名詞
glass 玻璃
paper 紙張
time 時間
work 消息 玻璃杯；鏡子；眼鏡
報紙；文件；考卷
次數(shù)；時代
單詞；話語
一般說來，漢語和英語對某一個名詞是否可數(shù)的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名詞在漢語中常被用作可數(shù)名詞，而在英語中卻絕對是不可數(shù)名詞，對這些名詞也要特別注意，發(fā)如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加-s或-es，現(xiàn)將其復(fù)數(shù)的一般構(gòu)成方法及讀音列表如下：
情況 構(gòu)成方法 例詞 讀音
一般情況 在詞尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps -s在請輔音后發(fā)[s]音
day→days
girl→girls -s在元音私濁畏音后發(fā)[z]
以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞 在詞尾加-es bus →buses
box→boxes
watch→watches
fish→fishes es發(fā)[iz]音
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞 變y為I再加-es family→families
factory→factories
party→parties -ies發(fā)[iz]音
以元音字母y結(jié)尾的詞 在詞尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys -s發(fā)[z]音
以f或fe 結(jié)尾的詞 變f或fe為v再加-es knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves -ves發(fā)[vz]音
以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的詞 在詞尾加-es potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes -es發(fā)[z]音
以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的詞 在詞尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos -s發(fā)[z]音
少數(shù)以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英語中還有不少名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，必須把它們牢記在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名詞的所有格
在英語中，有些名詞的詞尾 可以加上’s，用來表示所有關(guān)系，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為名詞的所有格。
1．名詞所有格的構(gòu)成
名詞所有格的構(gòu)成一般有以下三種情況：
1）如果名詞是單數(shù)，只在詞尾加’s。
例如：
the boy’s schoolbag 這男孩的書包
the worker’s shoes 這個二人的鞋
2）復(fù)數(shù)名詞如果以s結(jié)尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可
如：
the teachers’ office 老師們的辦公室
the students’ classroom 學(xué)生們的教室
3）復(fù)數(shù)名詞如果不以s結(jié)尾，則在詞尾加’s
如：
Women’s Day 婦女節(jié)
the People’s Park 人民公園
2．名詞所有格的用法
名詞的所有格主要有以下五種用法：
1）表示人成動物與其他的人、動物或事物的所有關(guān)系。
例如：
He is Mary’s younger brother.
他是瑪麗的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries.
他們在讀雷鋒的日記。
2）表示時間、距離、國家、城市等名詞與其他事物的所有關(guān)系。
例如：
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here.
我們學(xué)校離這兒步行有半小時的距離。
Beijing is China’s capital.
北京是中國的首都。
3）表示無生命東西的名詞的所有關(guān)系，一般使用與of構(gòu)成的短語結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
The front door of the house was painted red.
那屋子的前門被漆成了紅色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.
我們教室前面的墻上有一幅世界地圖。
4）名詞所有格后面跟地點，往往要將地點名詞省略。
例如：
My sister often goes to my uncle’s.
我的妹妹經(jīng)常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You’d better go to the doctor’s.
你臉色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提出到過，一般可以省略。
例如：
I am using my dictionary. You can use Tom’s.
我們字典我正在用，你可以用湯姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s.
我們的寢室比約翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達
1．兩種名詞都有能修飾的數(shù)量詞有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如：
Please give me some paper.
請給我一些紙。
I don’t want to borrow any magazines.
我不想借什么雜志。
2．用來修飾可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量詞有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如：
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.
你的俄文中有很多拼寫錯誤。
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.
幾天以后，一群學(xué)生去幫助了那位老人。
3．用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量詞有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。
例如：
I want a piece of red chalk.
我想要一支紅粉筆。
Please give her a bit of bread.
請給她一點面包。
（七）名詞的用法
1．作主語
例如：
The radio says that it may stop raining later.
廣播說一會兒雨可能會停。
2．作表語
例如：
Class 3 were the winners.
三班獲勝了。
3．作賓語
例如：
I told him a story.
我給他講了個故事。
4．作賓語補足語
例如：
He named her Jenny.
他給她取名詹妮。
5．作定語
例如：
We are discussing the population problem.
我們正在討論人口問題。
6．作狀語
例如：
He sat here a long time.
他坐在這兒很久了。
7．與介詞組成詞組
例如：
I am working hard on my Chinese.
我正在努力學(xué)習(xí)漢語。
8．作介詞賓語
例如：
Give the money to your sister.
把錢給你姐姐。
三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組
I. 寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 將下列詞組譯成英語：
1、一群孩子 2、兩箱子蘋果
3、三籃子蔬菜 4、九塊面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五塊肉
7、多種植物 8、一副眼鏡
9、兩塊冰 10、三張紙
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米飯 14、七袋米
15、八塊木頭 16、九塊金屬
III. 寫出下列各詞的名詞形式：
1. work _________ 2. teach _________ 3. sing ________ 4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________ 6. invent ________ 7. wait ________ 8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、隨堂監(jiān)測B組
Ⅳ. 選擇填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day B. children’s Day C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street B. road C. way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women C. girl D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys B. city C. cityes D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中國人民解放軍 B. 中華人民共和國 C. 聯(lián)合國 D. 中國共產(chǎn)黨
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B. January C. February D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months C. days D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______?
A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America
V. 各地中考題選編：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food B. money C. clothes D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star B. five-stars C. five star’s D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home B. family C. house D. place
7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day B. date C. time D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A. B. C. D.
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise B. voice C. noisy D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground B. floor C. place D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孫), invented _______.
A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train
冠詞
重點知識歸納及講解
（一）概說
1．冠詞是一種虛詞，不能獨立擔任一個成分，只能附著在一個名詞上，幫助說明其詞義。英語中有兩個冠詞：
1）定冠詞the
2）不定冠詞a/an
定冠詞the通常讀作[]，在元音前讀作[i]，特別強調(diào)或單念時讀作[i:]。
不定冠詞在元音音素開始的單詞前用an這個形式，讀作[n]；在其他情況下則使用a，讀作[]。
2．冠詞的基本意義
不定冠詞a/an與數(shù)詞one同源，表示“一個”的意思，用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前。
例如：
She is a nurse.
她是個護士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.
他是一位英國人，有一個愛爾蘭妻子。
定冠詞the，與this同源，有“這（那）個”的意思，但比較弱，表示一（幾）個特定的人或東西，有時可譯作“這個（些）”或“那個（些）”。
例如：
That’s the book you want.
這就是你要的那本書。
Who’s the young man over there?
那邊那個年輕人是誰？
但在很多情況下，“這”或“那”這類詞在譯文中并不出現(xiàn)。
例如：
Put it on the table.
把它放在桌上。
Shut the door, please.
請把門關(guān)上。
3．特指和泛指
一般來說，名詞有特指和泛指兩種情況，請比較下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you.
有位先生要求見你。（泛指）
Ask the gentleman to come in.
請那位先生進來。（特指）
在特指時一般前面要加定冠詞，而泛指時則有三種情況：
1）在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前加不定冠詞。
例如：
She sent me a postcard
她寄給我一張明信片。
2）在可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前可不加冠詞，可使用some, any這類詞。
例如：
These are new words.
這些是生詞。
She sent me some flowers.
她送給我一些花。
3）在不可數(shù)名詞前多不加什么，有時也可加some, any等。
例如：
It’s lovely weather.
天氣真好。
Do you want any sugar in your tea?
你茶里要放點糖嗎？
Give us some help.
給我們一些幫助。
（二）不定冠詞的基本用法
1．泛指某一類人或事物中的一個，代表某一類別（不一定譯為“一”）
例如：
His father is a doctor.
他父親是醫(yī)生。
2．代表某一類人或事物，相當于any（+名詞）（不必譯為“一”，但必須用a，表示類別）
例如：
A horse is a useful animal.
馬是有用的動物。
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一類），但不具體說明何人或何物（一般譯為“一”）
例如：
This book was written by a worker.
這本書是一位工人寫的。
4．表示數(shù)量，有“一”的意思，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強烈（一般譯為“一”）
例如：
Wait a moment.
等一下。
5．表示單位，相當于“每”的意思
例如：
We have three meals a day.
我們每日吃三餐。
6．用于某此固定詞組中
例如：
a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠詞的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
例如：
Give me the book.
把那本書給我。
2．指談話雙方都知道的人或事物
例如：
Where is the doctor?
醫(yī)生在哪兒？
3．再次提到上文提到過的人或事物
例如：
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
昨天我買了一本詞典。詞典在家里。
4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上獨一無二的事物
例如：
The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
地球比月亮大，但比太陽小。
5．用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前
例如：
Mr Wang teaches the first class.
王先生上第一節(jié)課。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
在所有的恒星中，太陽離地球最近。
6．用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示某一類人或事物
例如：The horse is a useful animal.
馬是有用的動物。
7．與下列專有名詞連用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群島、山脈的名稱前
例如：
the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示夫婦二人或全家人
例如：
The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
格林一家人正圍坐在早餐桌旁。
8．和某些形容詞連用，表示一類人
例如：
the old 老人 the young 年輕人
the rich 富人 the poor 窮人
the sick 病人 the dead 死人
9．在一些習(xí)慣說法中
the east (west, south, north)
in the morning (afternoon, evening)
on the left (right)
in the end
go to the cinema
（四）不用冠詞的幾種情況
1．在專有名詞，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前
例如：
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你到過上海嗎？
We love science.
我們愛好科學(xué)。
2．在表示一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前
例如：
Girls can be scientists.
女孩子可以當科學(xué)家。
3．在季節(jié)、月份、星期、一日三餐的名稱前
例如：
It is hot in summer.
夏天天氣熱。
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd.
今天是八月二十二日，星期三。
Have you had breakfast?
你吃過早飯沒有？
4．稱呼語或表示頭銜，職務(wù)的名詞前
例如：
What’s the matter with you, Mike?
怎么啦，邁克？
He is headmaster of our school.
他是我們學(xué)校的校長。
5．學(xué)科和球類運動的名稱前
例如：
We study English.
我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。
Do you like to play football?
你喜歡踢足球嗎？
6．名詞前已有用作定語的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代詞時，不用冠詞
例如：
That is her bike.
那是她的自行車。
Each student in his class studies hard.
這個班的每個學(xué)生都努力學(xué)習(xí)。
7．在某些固定詞組的名詞前
例如：
at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上適當?shù)墓谠~，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 單項選擇：
1. 上學(xué) A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在課堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃飯 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽車A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飛機 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火車 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校學(xué)習(xí) A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡覺 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事實上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 從早到晚A. from morning to the evening
B. from morning to evening
C. from a morning to an evening
四、隨堂監(jiān)測B組
III. 選擇填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the B. an, the C. a, / D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, / B. an, a C. a, / D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the B. the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an B. The, a C. The , the D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an B. one C. a D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a B. a, the C. a, an D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The B. an, The C. an, An D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a B. an C. the D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the B. /, the C. /, a D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the B. a, the C. the, the D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the B. a, a C. an, the D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the B. The, a C. A, an D. The, /
代詞
一、本周內(nèi)容概述
1．代詞的作用
嚴格地講，代詞是代替名詞的，在句子中起名詞的作用，可用作：
1）主語
例如：
This is our new home.
這是我們的新家。
Who is on the phone?
誰在打電話？
2）賓語
例如：
Take good care of yourself.
多多保重。
We should help each other.
我們應(yīng)互相幫助。
3）表語
例如：
That’s not mine.
那不是我的。
Who is it? -It’s me.
誰呀？ -是我。
4）同位語
例如：
We both live in the dormitory.
我們兩人都住宿舍。
He ate them all.
他把它們?nèi)粤恕?/p>
5）呼語
例如：
Be patient, everybody.
大家都耐心點。
2．代詞的分類
代詞通常可分為以下八類：
1）人稱代詞（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代詞（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代詞（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）
4）相互代詞（each other, one another）
5）指示代詞（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑問代詞（who, what, which, whose等）
7）關(guān)系代詞（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代詞（both, all, some, any等）
二、重點知識歸納及講解
（一）人稱代詞
1．人稱代詞的單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)和主格、賓格
數(shù)
格
人稱 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
主格 賓語 主格 賓格
第一人稱 I 我 me we 我們 us
第二人稱 you 你 you you 你們 you
第三人稱 he 他
she 她
it 它 him
her
it 他們
they 她們
它們 them
2．人稱代詞的用法
1）人稱代詞的主格在句子中充當主語
例如：
I am studying English now.
我現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)英語。
We love our country.
我們熱愛我們的國家。
如果有幾個人稱代詞并列充當主語，它們的順序是：
單數(shù)形式 you, he and I
復(fù)數(shù)形式 we, you and they
2）人稱代詞的賓語在句子中充當賓語、介詞賓語或表語。
例如：
Can you help us?
你能幫助我們嗎？
We are waiting for them.
我們正在等他們。
Who is there? It’s me.
是誰呀？是我。
（二）物主代詞
物主代詞用來表示人和物之間的所有關(guān)系，這類代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，并有不同的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)之分。
2．形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的主要用法區(qū)別
1）形容詞性物主代詞不能獨立使用，只作定語，用來修飾后面的名詞。
例如：
My parents are both doctors.
我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed.
我們昨天看了一場電影，片名是《生死時速》。
2）名詞性物主代詞應(yīng)獨立使用，后面不跟名詞，相當于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞，它們在句中可以作主語、賓語或表語。
例如：
Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主語）
這是她的鋼筆嗎？不，她的是紅色的。
Let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （賓語）
咱們先打掃他們的房間，然后再打掃我們的。
These letters are his.（表語）
這些信是他的。
（三）反身代詞
反身代詞用來表示反射或強調(diào)。
1．反身代詞的形式
人稱 一 二 三
單數(shù) myself yourself himself herself itself
復(fù)數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves
2．反身代詞的用法
1）在句子中作賓語，表示動作回射到動作的執(zhí)行者本身。
例如：
My grandmother is too old to look after herself.
我奶奶年紀太大了，照顧不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷鋒總是樂于幫助別人，從不考慮自己。
2）在句中作名詞或代詞的同位語，用來加強語氣，常可譯為“親自”、“本人”等。在這種情況下，反身代詞可以緊跟名詞或代詞之后，也可以放到句末。
例如：
We ourselves will build the factory.
我們將自己建造這個工廠。
He spoke to me myself.
他對我本人說話。
3）反身代詞在實際運用中可構(gòu)成許多常用詞組。
例如：
by oneself 親自 for oneself 為自己
call oneself 稱自己 teach oneself 自學(xué)
help oneself to 隨意吃 lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自語 seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 讓別人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代詞
指示代詞是表示“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞，如：this, that, these, those等。英語中指示代詞的用法同漢語中的情況相似。this和these一般用來指較近的事物，that和those則指較遠的事物。
指示代詞可以充當句子中的主語、定語、賓語或表語。
例如：
This is a difficult question.
這是個難題。
That basketball isn’t ours.
那個籃球不是我們的。
Do you like these?
你喜歡這些嗎？
（五）不定代詞
不定代詞是不指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞。
1．不定代詞有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代詞在句子中的作用：
1）作主語
例如：
Everyone has come. Let’s begin.
大家都到了，我們開始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors.
他的父母都是醫(yī)生。
One is the teacher, the others are students.
一人是老師，其余的是學(xué)生。
2）作賓語
例如：
This one is too small, please show me another.
這個太小，請另外拿一個給我看看。
Please introduce me to the others.
請把我介紹給所有其他的人。
3）作表語
例如：
That’s all for today.
今天就到這兒吧。
It’s too much for me.
這件事非我力所能及。
3．常見不定代詞的用法講解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑問句或條件狀語從句，兩者都可以代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。
例如：
Some say yes and some say no.
有的人說是，有的人說不是。
I don’t like any of them.
我對他們一個也不喜歡。
Does any of them know this?
他們當中有誰知道嗎？
b．如果在提問時期待對方肯定回答，或鼓勵別人說yes時，疑問句中的不定代詞要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you like some of the tickets?
你想要些票嗎？
c．在強調(diào)“任何一個”意思的時候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take any of the newspapers here.
你可以拿這兒任何一份報紙。
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于兩個個體的情況。
例如：
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.
在河的兩岸你們能看到高大的樹。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.
他們兩個誰也不想和我去看電影。
3）one和ones（one的復(fù)數(shù)形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用來代替上文中提及的可數(shù)名詞，以避免用詞的重復(fù)。當one指人時，其反身代詞為oneself，所有格形式是one’s。
例如：
One should follow the laws.
人人應(yīng)該遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor.
穿紅衣服的那位是我們的班長。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。
4）復(fù)合不定代詞
復(fù)合不定代詞是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等詞構(gòu)成的代詞。復(fù)合不定代詞都可看作單數(shù)，表示“某人”或“某物”，并在句中作主語、賓語或表語。同some和any在用法上的區(qū)別一樣，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。
例如：
We want somebody to help us.
我們想要有人來幫助我們。
Have you found anything here?
你們在這兒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么了嗎？
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
如果有人來訪，就告訴他我們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕?/p>
表示人的復(fù)合不定代詞后面都可以加’s構(gòu)成所有格。
例如：
Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.
有人的錢包剛剛被偷了。
復(fù)合不定代詞要求后置定語。
例如：
We will have something important to do this afternoon.
今天下午我們有些重要事情要做。
（六）疑問代詞
疑問代詞是用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句的代詞，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑問句中，疑問代詞一般都放在句首，并在句中充當主語、賓語、表語或定語。
例如：
Who is your maths teacher?（表語）
誰是你們的數(shù)學(xué)老師？
Whose bag is that?（定語）
那是誰的書包？
Who teaches you English?（主語）
誰教你們英語？
Whom are you talking about?（賓語）
你們在談?wù)撜l？
（七）相互代詞
相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞，其形式如下表。
主格和賓格 所有格
each other
one another each other’s
one another’s
在當代英語中，each other和one another意思上沒有區(qū)別，它們在句中可以作賓語，其所有格可以作定語。
（互相）
（彼此的）
例如：
Do you often help each other?
你們經(jīng)常互相幫助嗎？
We are interested in one another’s work.
我們對彼此的工作感興趣。
三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組
I. 選擇填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers. It’s _______.
A. I B. me C. mine D. my
2. --- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn’t. It’s ________.
A. your, her B. hers, mine C. yours, hers D. your, hers
3. There are two books on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others B. other C. the other D. another
4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some
5. Mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That B. she C. It D. There
6. The school was built by the villagers _______.
A. us B. ourselves C. them D. themselves
7. He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his B. he C. him D. his’s
8. He is always ready to help ______.
A. another B. others C. the other D. other
9. Let _______ do this exercise myself.
A. him B. her C. us D. me
10. Have you _______ to tell us?
A. important something B. something important
C. important anything D. anything important
11. I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my B. my, the C. mine, a D. mine, the
12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every B. Both C. Each D. All
13. There are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither
14. _______ live in Shanghai.
A. We B. Our C. Ours D. Ourselves
15. --- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it’s _______.
A. her, her B. her, hers C. hers, her D. hers, hers
16. --- _______ is that boy? --- He’s my son.
A. Who B. Whom C. What D. Which
17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and B. Neither, nor C. Either, or D. Not only, but also
18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.
A. the other B. other C. the others D. others
19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours B. you C. yourself D. your
20. I think you can do the job ______.
A. yourself B. myself C. himself D. your
21. --- Which jacket is Mary’s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she B. her C. hers D. his
22. My uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him B. his C. himself D. he
23. There are many trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all B. both C. every D. each
24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There B. That C. This D. It
25. She can’t find ______ watch.
A. hers B. it C. her D. it’s
26. There is ______ milk in the glass.
A. many B. little C. few D. a few
27. Please pass ______ the cap of tea.
A. me B. my C. mine D. I
28. Have you heard from ______ recently?
A. them B. they C. themselves D. their
29. There is _____water in the bottle.
A. not B. some C. any D. many
30. There isn’t ______ food left on the table.
A. many B. few C. much D. little
31. Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little B. little C. few D. a few
32. This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my B. yours C. your D. you
33. We made the radio ______.
A. us B. ourselves C. myself D. our
34. Would please give me ______ hot tea?
A. one B. little C. some D. any
35. --- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
36. This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
37. They have only _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
38. They told us about their school and we told them about_______.
A. we B.us C. our D. ours
39. This blue suit looks better than the green ________.
A. / B. one C. suits D. ones
40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How B. Which C. What D. Who
四、隨堂監(jiān)測B組
II. 中考題集：
1．--- Whose painting is this? It’s really wonderful!
--- Oh, it’s not ________ . It’s _________ .
A. hers; your B. mine; Elsa’s C. yours; he’s D. his; my
2．_________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They were staying at home all that day.
A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. One
3．The English novel is quite easy for you. There are __________ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
4．This ruler is mine. __________ is over there.
A. She B. She’s C. Her D. Hers
5．I’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.
A. many B. some C. a few
6．All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all B. neither C. any D. none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
A. his B. her C. our D. its
8．--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don’t mind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either B. Every C. Neither D. Both
9．The old man has two sons. One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another B. other C. others D. the other
10．Pass _________ the knife, please. My pencil is broken.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke?
--- _________, thanks. I’d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
12．Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
13．This is not my dictionary. It’s ________.
A. her B. his C. your D. their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary!
--- Thank you very much.
A. his B. me C. my D. hers
16．--- May I use your pen?
--- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both B. every C. any D. either
17．--- Whose book is this?
--- It’s ________ .
A. my B. mine C. me D. I
18．--- How many more oranges can I have ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others B. Another C. Others D. The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain?
--- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few B. little C. few D. a little
20．Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.
A. ours B. my C. your D. her
21．Anne has a son. _______ name is Edward.
A. Her B. His C. Hers D. Him
22．This isn’t my sweater. It’s __________ , I think.
A. she B. her C. hers D. mine
23．Hurry up! There’s _________ time left.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
24．--- Could I have some milk?
--- Certainly. There’s ________ in the bottle.
A. little B. a little C. a few D. few
25．You can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away.
A. they B. their C. them D. theirs
26．Lei Feng asked _________ for return when he helped others.
A. everything B. nothing C. anything D. something
27．--- Is it your ticket?
--- No, _________ is in my pocket. It’s ________.
A. mine; her B. my; his C. mine; hers D. my; hers
28．Can you tell me ________ she is waiting for?
A. why B. whose C. whom D. which
29．Miss Brown will teach ________ English next term.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
30．There is _________ in today’s newspaper.
A. new anything B. new something
C. anything new D. something new
數(shù)詞
一、本周內(nèi)容概述
表示數(shù)目和順序的詞叫數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩類。
二、重點知識歸納及講解
（一）基數(shù)詞
基數(shù)詞用來表示數(shù)目，或者說表示數(shù)量的詞叫基數(shù)詞。最基本的基數(shù)詞如下表所示。
1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten
說明：
1．13-19是由個位數(shù)加后綴-teen構(gòu)成。注意其中13、15的拼寫是thirteen和fifteen。
2．20-90由個位數(shù)加后綴-ty構(gòu)成，注意其中20-50的拼寫分別是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼寫是eighty。
3．其它非整十的兩位數(shù)21-99是由整十位數(shù)加連字符“-”，再加個位數(shù)構(gòu)成。如： 81 eighty-one。
4．101-999的基數(shù)詞先寫百位數(shù)，后加and再寫十位數(shù)和個位數(shù)。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。
5．1000以上的基數(shù)詞先寫千位數(shù)，后寫百位數(shù)，再加and，最后寫十位數(shù)和個位數(shù)。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基數(shù)詞中只有表示“百”、“千”的單位詞，沒有單獨表示“萬”、“億”的單位詞，而是用thousand（千）和million（百萬）來表達，其換算關(guān)系為：1萬=10 thousand;1億=100 million; 10億=a thousand million=a billion。
7．多位數(shù)的讀法：
1）1000以上的多位數(shù)，要使用計數(shù)間隔或逗號“，”。即從個位起，每隔三位加一個間隔或逗號。第一個間隔或逗號前是thousand（千），第二個間隔或逗號前是million（百萬），第三個間隔或逗號前是a thousand million或a billion(十億)。
2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101-999。讀的時候十位數(shù)（或個位數(shù)）的前面一般要加and。如：
888，000，000讀作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。
（二）、基數(shù)詞的用法
1．基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示大量的 的數(shù)目。
在這種情況下，表示單位的基數(shù)詞(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在詞尾加-s。
例如：
two hundred students 二百個學(xué)生
five thousand years 五千年
2．基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示大量的 的數(shù)目，在這種情況下，表示單位的基數(shù)詞詞尾加-s，要與of短語連用。
3．基數(shù)詞在句中的作用
基數(shù)詞的作用相當于名詞和形容詞，它在句子中可充當主語，賓語，表語和定語。
例如：
Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主語 表語
How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight. 我要八個。
賓語
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八條小船。
定語
（三）序數(shù)詞
表示順序的詞，叫序數(shù)詞。序數(shù)詞用來表示數(shù)詞順序。除特殊情況外，序數(shù)詞一般都由相應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞加后綴-th構(gòu)成。
請見下表：
第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上
first eleventh twentieth
second twelfth thirtieth
third thirteenth fortieth
fourth fourteenth fiftieth
fifth fifteenth sixtieth
sixth sixteenth seventieth
seventh seventeenth eightieth
eighth eighteenth ninetieth
ninth nineteenth hundredth
tenth thousandth
說明：
1．英語中表示第一、第二、第三的序數(shù)詞屬特殊形式，要注意它們的拼寫。
2．表示“幾十”的序數(shù)詞通常是將基數(shù)詞詞尾y變成i再加上后綴-eth。
3．其余的二位數(shù)序數(shù)詞是以相應(yīng)的整十基數(shù)詞加個位序數(shù)詞。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。
4．少數(shù)序數(shù)詞拼法不規(guī)則，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意：
1．序數(shù)詞可縮寫為阿拉伯數(shù)字加序數(shù)詞最后兩個字母。
例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st
第二：(the) second=2 nd
第三：(the) third=3 rd
第五：(the) fifth=5th
第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th
第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st
2．編了號的事物要用基數(shù)詞表示順序，但是基數(shù)詞要后置。
例如：
第一課：Lesson One
第三十二頁：Page 32
第305房間：Room 305
第12路公共汽車：Bas No.12
五、序數(shù)詞的用法
序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞一樣，也能起名詞或形容詞作用，在句子中作主語、表語、賓語和定語。
例如：
The first is bigger than the second. 第一個比第二個大。
主語
Give me the first. 把第一個給我。
賓語
She’s often the first to go to school. 她經(jīng)常第一個去上學(xué)。
表語
We’re going to learn the eighth lesson. 我們將要學(xué)習(xí)第八課。
定語
六、年、月、日和時間的表達法
1．年份用基數(shù)詞表達，分兩位一讀，年份前用介詞in。
例如：
1999 nineteen ninety-nine
2000 two thousand
2001 two thousand and one
2．月份的第一個字母要大寫，有些月份名稱有縮寫形式。
例如：
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
3．日期的表達要用序數(shù)詞，讀時前面要加定冠詞the,介詞要使用on。
例如：
在6月1日：on June 1 st 讀作：on June the first.
年、月、日同時表達時，一般應(yīng)先寫月、日、后寫年。
例如：
在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。
4．年代用基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示。
例如：
20世紀90年代：nineteen nineties
21世紀20年代：twenty twenties
5．時間表達法：時間可用順讀法或倒讀法兩種方式表達。
例如：
順讀法 倒讀法
5：00 five (o’clock)
6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six
12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4：30 four thirty half past four
5：50 five fifty ten to six
6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven
注意：
1）表示整點時間，直接用基數(shù)詞表達，后邊可接o’clock (也可不加)。表達“幾點幾分”時，絕不能用o’clock。
2）表達“15分”或“45分”時，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒讀法中，如果鐘點不過半，須用“分鐘數(shù)+past+鐘點數(shù)”的形式；如果鐘點過半，則用“差多少分鐘數(shù)+to+全鐘點（下個鐘點數(shù)）”的形式。
例如：
8:20 twenty past eight
8:40 twenty to nine
6．分數(shù)的表達法
1）分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于1時，分母用復(fù)數(shù)。
2）小數(shù)的讀法：小數(shù)點前面的數(shù)按照基數(shù)詞的讀法，小數(shù)點后面的數(shù)按照數(shù)本身讀，小數(shù)點讀point。
例如：
0.38 zero point three eight
96.89 ninety-six point eight nine
3)百分數(shù)，在數(shù)詞后加percent。
例如：
15%讀作：fifteen percent
60%讀作：sixty percent
7．表示語數(shù)
1）…幾倍大小（長短，數(shù)量）=…幾倍（或分數(shù)）+the size(length, amount)。
例如：
The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.
地球是月球的49倍。
2）…比…幾倍=…倍數(shù)（或分數(shù)）+形容詞（副詞）比較級+than+被比部分。
例如：
His house is three times bigger than mine.
他的房子比我的房子大三倍。
3）…是…倍=…倍數(shù)（或分數(shù)）+as +形容詞+as +被比部分。
例如：
This factory is four times as big as that one.
這個工廠是那個工廠的四倍。
8．表示約數(shù)
1）“多于”用more than或over。
例如：
The street is over(more than) 500 metres long.
這條街有500多米長。
2）“小于”用less than。
例如：
Three are less than 30 people in the classroom.
教室里不到三十人。
3）“或…以上”用or more。
例如：
The building can hold 5000 people or more.
那座建筑物可容納5000人或5000人以上。
4）“或…以下”用or less。
例如：
We can finish the work in two weeks or less.
我們可以在兩周內(nèi)或不到兩周完成這件工作。
5）“大約”用about, around, nearly等。
例如：
The box weighs about 50 pounds.
這箱子重約50鎊。
6）“左右”用or so.
例如：
In the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot.
在過去的十年里，他們改變了許多。
三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組
I. 寫出下列基數(shù)詞相應(yīng)的序數(shù)詞：
1. one __________ 2. two _________ 3. three _________ 4. five ________
5. eight __________ 6. nine _________ 7. twelve _________ 8. twenty __________
9. thirty-one __________ 10. forty-four ___________ 11. fifty-seven ____________
II. 把下列短語譯成英語：
1. 第12課 ________________________ 2. 304號房間 _______________________
3. 半小時 ________________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________
5. 第25頁 _______________________ 6. 20世紀90年代 ___________________
7. 4路公共汽車 _____________________ 8. 第15中學(xué) _____________________
9. 21世紀 _________________________ 10. 兩噸半 ______________________
11. 差一刻三點 _____________________ 12. 第二冊 ________________________
13. 在他五十幾歲時 ___________________ 14. 二年級八班 ____________________
15. 10:45 _____________________________ 16. 第十五單元 ____________________
17. 第三冊第十三課 _______________________ 18. 三分之一 __________________
19. 三百英鎊 _________________________ 20. 1994年3月22日 __________________
四、隨堂監(jiān)測B組
III. 選擇填空：
1. 333 reads ___________.
A. three hundred and thirty three B. three hundreds and thirty-three
C. three hundred and thirty-three D. three hundred thirty-three
2. The _______ month of the year is February.
A. one B. first C. two D. second
3. The beautiful skirts are on show in the shop, Jane likes _______.
A. the ninth B. the nineth C. nine D. ninth
4. It took me _______ to finish my homework.
A. a half and two hour B. two hour and a half
C. two and a half hour D. two and a half hours
5. December is the _______ month of the year.
A. twelve B. twelveth C. twelvieth D. twelfth
6. Tom bought ______ for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe
C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes
7. There are _______ seconds in a minute.
A. fourty B. forty C. sixteen D. sixty
8. Lin Tao gets up at ______ in the morning.
A. half past six B. six past half C. past half six D. half six past
9. December ______ is Christmas.
A. twenty-five B. the twenty-fifth C. the twentieth-five D. twentieth-fifth
10. There are _____ stars in the universe.
A. millions B. million of C. millions of D. million
11. Monday is the _______ day of the week.
A. two B. second C. three D. third
12. Mr. Black left here _____ ago.
A. half a hour B. half an hour C. an half hour D. a half hours
13. There are _____ students in their school.
A. nine hundred B. nine hundreds C. nine hundred of D. nine hundreds of
14. There are _____ words in the text of the _____ Lesson.
A. hundred of, Fifth B. a hundred of, Fiveth
C. hundreds of, Fifth D. hundreds of, Fiveth
15. We had learned about _____ English words by the end of last term.
A. nine hundreds and forty-five B. nine hundreds of and forty-five
C. nine hundred and forty-five D. nine hundred and fourty-five
IV. 中考題集：
1. About ______ people are in the People’s Park at weekends.
A. two hundreds B. two hundreds of C. two hundred D. hundred of
2. The water behind the Three Gorges Dam (三峽大壩) should be _____higher than downstream (下游).
A. sixty-five meter B. sixty-fifth meter C. sixty-five meters D. sixty-fifth meters
3. In our school several _____ students are able to search the Internet for useful information now.
A. hundred of B. hundreds for C. hundred D. hundreds
4. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. this year my father is twice my age. How old am I?
A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24
5. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _______.
A. July 1, 1921 B. October 1, 1949 C. August 1, 1927 D. May 1, 1922
6. Look at the menu:
SNACKS
Hamburger $ 2.60 Orange juice $1.20
Hot dog $2.15 Coffee $1.00
Ice cream $2.00 Coke regular $0.75
Popcorn $1.00 large $1.00
Jeff wants to buy a hamburger, a large coke and ice cream.
How much will he pay?
A. Five dollars and sixty cents. B. Five dollars and thirty-five cents.
C. Three dollars and sixty cents. D. Two dollars.
7. --- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two _______.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of
8. The film star is going to spend ______ dollars on a new dress for the coming party.
A. three thousands B. thousands of C. thousand of D. three thousands of
9. There are ______ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital.
A. thousand B. two thousand C. two thousands D. two thousands of
10. --- How many teachers are there in your school? --- ________, but I’m not sure.
A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred
11. I think ______ lesson is the most difficult in this book.
A. five B. fifth C. the fifth D. fifteen
1. _______ travelers come to visit our city every year.
A. Hundred of B. Hundreds of C. Five hundreds D. Hundred
2. The Games of ______ Olympiad in 2008 will be held in the city of Beijing.
A. 29 B. the 29 C. 29th D. the 29th
3. Fan Zhiyi’s transfer to Dundee Football Club at the end of last year aroused ______ Chinese people’s interest.
A. thousand of B. thousand C. thousands of D. thousands
4. About ______ films were shown during the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival.
A. two hundred of B. two hundreds of C. two hundred D. two hundreds
5. --- Do you have enough men to carry these chairs? --- No. I think we need ______ men.
A. another B. two others C. more two D. two more
6. --- Can you write the number eight five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six?
--- Yes, it is _____________.
A. 85662 B. 85626 C. 58662 D. 58626
7. There’re ______ students in our grade.
A. hundreds of B. three hundreds of C. three hundreds D. three hundreds’
8. ______ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred, _______ of them are women workers.
A. The number, first third B. The number, one third
C. A number, half D. A number, three quarters
9. _______ Germans come to visit China every year.
A. Thousands of B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousands
動詞（I）
重點知識歸納及講解
一、概述
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。句子中的謂語成分是由動詞充當?shù)模^語通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此動詞是英語詞類中最重要的一種。動詞可以通過本身的變化來表示動作發(fā)生的時間以及說話人的語氣、態(tài)度等。
1．動詞的種類
動詞按其詞義和在句中的作用可以分為：行為動詞（或稱實義動詞）、連系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。詳見下表：
動詞分類 特征 例詞 例句
行 為 動 詞
vt./vi. 表示動作或狀態(tài)。有完整的詞義。能獨立作謂語。按其帶不帶賓語、分為及物動詞（帶賓語）和不及物動詞（不帶賓語） help幫助（vt.）
see看見（vt.）
go去（vi.）
fly飛（vi.） He often helps me.
I can see a bird in the tree.
Planes can fly.
連 系 動 詞
link v. 本身有詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語（名詞性合成謂語） be是
look看起來
seem似乎
get變得
become變成，成為 He is an English teacher.
They look the same.
助 動 詞
v. aux. 本身無詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和實義動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。可用來