（江蘇省石莊高級中學：秦建華課堂教學用）
Unit 1That must be a record
▲argument
settle an argument about sth解決關于……的爭論/爭端
start/put forward an argument for against就贊成/反對……展開辯論
argue v.
argue with sb about /over sth
Do what you are told to and don’t argue with me.
argue for/against為（支持）……辯護/反駁
argue a matter out把某事辯個水落石出
argue sb into/out of doing sth=advise sb(not)to do sth
▲conclude vt.推斷（推論）出（后跟that-從句）締結，議定；vi.come to an end結束，終止
The talks were expected to conclude on Sunday.會談預計星期天結束。
What do you conclude from the facts?從這些事實中你得出了什么結論？
Transactions were concluded on a wide variety of light industrial goods.
多種多樣的輕工業產品已經成交。
conclusion n.
come to/draw/reach/arrive at a conclusion得出結論(from the facts)
jump to conclusion匆忙地/草率地下結論
bring sth to conclusion使……結束
in conclusion總之、總而言之、最后
▲popular
There was a time when this song was very popular. 曾經一度時間這首歌很流行。
She is very popular with her students.
He told him to listen to young people’s music and to watch the most popular television shows
---This reference book is no more popular with the students than that one.
---You mean they are both little thought of ?
There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.
And the growing popularity51 of shopping centres led 52 in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.
這些購物中心越來越大的名氣反過來導致了更大，設備更好的商店的建成。
name姓名；fame卓越，好名聲；popularity名氣很大，知名度很高
▲hire
hire/employ sb=take on sb.→fire/dismiss sb=give sb.the snack
hire 日常用語，指按工作量計酬來雇傭人手employ指商店或公司長期雇傭人手
rent一般指租住/借房屋，地產租借等
He fired these four workers and he hired ten more workers,because he thinks the four workers are not fit for thei posts.
hire out a bike(to sb)租出
rent a farm/house from an owner
▲fade vt.（使）褪色，（使）凋落；vi.逐漸消失，變微弱，變暗淡
The strong sunlight had faded the curtains.強烈的陽光使窗簾變色。
All memory of his childhood faded from his mind.
他所有的童年記憶逐漸從腦海中消失了。
fade next to遜色于
Successful as he is,he fades next to his brother.
盡管他很成功，但和他兄弟相比還是稍顯遜色。
▲diagnose診斷
He was diagnosed with cancer.他被診斷患了癌癥。
The book diagnoses our present economic ills.這本書切中了我們現在經濟的時弊。
▲curiosity
Curiosity is part of child’s nature好奇是兒童的天性.
Part of the reason for our interest is probably the same curiosity that led Sir Hugh to
write the Guinness Book of World Records……(p.4)
a curiosity shop古玩店
curious感興趣的，好奇，奇怪
I’m curious to know what she said.我非常想知道她說了什么
She’s always so curious about my work.她總愛打聽我的工作。
It’s curious that he didn’t tell you.他沒有告訴你實在反常。
▲contact
contact sb和……聯系
be in/out of contact with和……保持/失去聯系
get in touch with/keep in touch with
make contact with the ship by radio用無線電與船聯系
keep track of/lose track of與……保持聯系/失去聯系
keep track of還有：記錄，掌握……的線索，了解……的動態，看清，聽清等意思
He could not escape because the police kept track of him.
他逃不了的，警察在注意他的行動
To a scientist,the most important thing is knowing he does not lose track of what he is
doing.對于一個科學家來說，最重要的是他清楚自己在做什么。
Please keep track of every cent you spend.請記錄你花掉的每一份錢。
keep an eye on照看；keep faith with對……守信用；keep in mind記住，放在心上
▲account n.賬戶；解釋，說明；vi.說明……的原因
I bought the bike on account.我賒賬買了這輛自行車。
We could not go on account of the rain.因為下雨我們不能去。
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
不論什么原因游客都不允許用東西喂動物。
It is a matter of great account.這是一件重要的事情。
We must take local conditions into account.我們必須把當地的條件考慮進去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我們必須考慮到國家的利益。
No one could account for the disappearance of the money.
誰也說不清楚這些錢丟失的原因。
Smokers account for 20 percent of the whole population in the world.
煙民占世界總人口的20%。
▲attempt
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon試圖奪取
▲inspect檢查，視察/檢閱
The customs officer inspected my passport.海關官員檢查了我的護照。
inspect sb/sb’s head for lice檢查某人頭部有無頭虱
The visiting president inspected the troops.來訪總統檢閱了部隊。
examine/investigate/look into
▲confirm vt.證實，確定；確認，批準
What you say confirms my opinion.你的話證實了我的看法。
The King confirmed me in my possession of the land.國王批準我擁有這片土地。
▲set down 放下；寫下，記下；規定
Set down your heavy bags and have a rest.
放下你的重包休息一下。
The bus driver set the passengers down here.
公共汽車司機讓旅客在此下車。
I will set down the story as it was told to me.
我將按告訴我的把這個故事記下來。
The price limits were set down by the government.
價格限度由政府規定。
set about sth/doing sth開始做/著手做；set aside拔出，把……置于一旁；
set back退步，挫折，阻礙，妨礙，使……倒退；set off出發，啟程，引爆，燃放；
set out出發，，著手/開始(to do)，栽（幼苗）；set up建立，開辦
▲stand out杰出、突出，顯眼、醒目，堅持、不屈服
The road sign is easy to read because the words stand out.
路標容易認，因為上面的字很醒目。
The students agreed that they must stand out against the decision to cut down the trees.
學生門一致同意堅決反對砍伐樹木的決定。
stand by在場、支持,stand down退出（競選）、（士兵）撤下崗,
stand for代表、表示、主張,stand up站起、經久、耐用
▲achieve one’s goal實現目標
I’ll try to achieve my goal of becoming a scientist.實現做科學家的目標
▲in the first place首先、原本、第一
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必須考慮這個計劃。
▲in a row
Please stand in a row.請站成一排。
This is the third Sunday in a row that it’s rained.這是接連著的第三個星期天下雨了。
▲apply for
About 100 people have applied for the position.大約有100人申請了這一職務。
其它詞組
1.一本暢銷書 答案：a best-seller 2.從那以來 答案：ever since
3.被分類 答案：be put into categories 4.面積達…… 答案：with an area of
5.導致 答案：lead to 6..創一項新紀錄 答案：set a new record
▲burst vi. 爆裂，突然發作
It was so cold yesterday that my water-pipes froze and burst.
昨天太冷了，我家的水管都凍裂了。
A rat burst into my room last night.昨天一只耗子竄進了我的房間。
He put too much air into the balloon and it burst.他往氣球中充得氣太多，結果爆了。
The funny story made the children burst their sides with laughter.
這個有趣的故事使孩子們捧腹大笑。
On hearing the sad news,she burst into tears.一聽到那個悲慘的消息，她就大哭起來。
相關短語：burst into tears/laughter突然大哭/大笑； burst into song 突然唱起歌來；burst into angry speech大發雷霆； burst into bloom開花； burst into view/sight景象/奇觀突然出現； burst into the room突然闖入房間； burst out/forth laughing/crying大笑/哭
▲head down to the park （補充）
head for=move toward:He headed straight for the bar.他徑直朝酒吧走去。
head sb/sth off:get in front of sb/sth so as to turn him/it back or aside攔阻
head off a flock of sheep:prevent them from going in the wrong way攔住
▲familiar adj.熟悉的，通曉的，隨便的，非正式的
French was as familiar to him as English.他通曉法語就像通曉英語一樣。
I’m very familiar with your name.我很熟悉你的名字。
sth./sb.be familiar to sb.某物/某人為某人所熟悉；
sb.be familiar with sth./sb.某人熟悉某人/某物
分析課文中的句子（補充）:The X Games are like Olypic Games for sports that are less familiar to us than sports like fottball and basketball.極限游戲比賽就像奧林匹克運動會上有些不如足球和籃球那樣為我們所熟悉的比賽項目一樣。
▲delight vt. （使）高興，（使）欣喜；n. 快樂，高興
The circus delighted the children.馬戲團使孩子們欣喜。
I have read your letter with delight.我高興地讀了你的信。
He takes great delight in teaching his students.他以教他的學生為樂。
Your visit last week delighted us.上星期你的來訪使我們很高興。
The news delighted the whole nation.這個消息使全國一片沸騰。
I delighted to read novels.我高興地讀小說。
The old man delighted in doing little things for others.那位老人高興為別人做些小事。
To his great delight,his novel was accepted for publication.使他高興的是，他的小說得到了公眾的認可。
delighted adj.高興的，快樂的
相關短語：be delighted at 因……而高興；be delighted by/with sth.(sb.)喜歡某物（人）；
be delighted to do因做……而高興； be delighted that...很高興……
▲center on將某人（某物）當作中心或重點
concentrate on專心致志于
類似短語：
attend on侍候……，看護……，照料； call on訪問(某人)，號召(to do)；
count on依靠……，期待……(sb.to do)；depend on取決于……，依靠……，依……而定；
feed on 以……為食，用……喂養；fix one’s eyes on 盯住……，凝視……；
go on繼續，上臺演出(the stage)， keep on(doing) 堅持……；
live on靠……生活，以……為食； look on看待(sb.as...)，觀察……，面朝……；
wait on 服侍……，招待……
The patient has three nurses attending on him.那位病人有三位護士看護他。
I tried to concentrate my attention on my chemical research.我試圖專心于化學研究。
She centered her attention on the problem.她把注意力集中在這個問題上。
Unit 2 Crossing limits
▲take possession of占領，占有/get possession of拿到，得到
The capitalist is in possession of a large fortune.那個資本家擁有大宗財產。
A large fortune is in the possession of the capitalist. 大宗財產掌握在那個資本家手中。
▲in the name of以……的名義，代表
I arrest you in the name of the law.我以法律的名義逮捕你。
The prime minister spoke in the name of the King.部長代表國王講話。
I opened an account in the bank in your name.我以你的名義在銀行開了一個賬號。
He escaped under the name of Tom.他化名為Tom逃跑了
name構成的短語：
by name用（靠、按）名字，名叫；by the name of名叫……；name after以……命名
▲masses of/a mass of+countable noun(pl form)/+uncountable noun
in the mass總體上，總的說來/the mass of大多數的/mass education群眾教育/a mass meeting群眾會議
The young dancers worked so hard so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took masses of pictures of them.（許多）
▲be rich in/be poor in
Oranges are rich in Vitamin C含有豐富的維生素
a TV play rich in humour 富有幽默的電視劇
▲do research on a state key project就國家重點工程進行研究
▲lose the lives of many people/risk their lives
▲alternative
Have you got an alternative=another suggestion?你有沒有其它建議？
Caught in the act,he had no alternative/choice but to confess/did nothing but confess.
他被當場抓獲，除了招供別無選擇。
▲available
This was the only available room.這是唯一可以利用的房間。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.這本書有貨時就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
▲equip…with
You’d better equip your bike with a head light.你最好在自行車裝個前燈。
They have equipped the army with modern weapons. 他們已經為部隊裝備了現代化的武器。
The army has been equipped with modern weapons. （被動語態）
▲accurate adj.精確的，準確的，正確無誤的
His information was accurate.他的信息很準確。
accurate強調“精確無誤”。an accurate calculation精確的計算
correct按一定標準沒有差錯。a correct answer正確的答案
right很多情況下可與correct互換，但常有道德上認可的含義.the right course of action正確的行動方針
▲search for
他們正在村里搜查那個強盜。
They are searching for the robber in the village.
They are searching the village for the robber.
Cf:The policeman is searching the robber.
▲have contacts with/contact to有接觸/聯系
▲find one’s way
feel one’s way摸索著走/fight one’s way奮勇前進/force one’s way擠著向前走/wind one’s way曲折前進/make one’s way去……途中/lose one’s way迷路
▲in exchange for交換，互換
He gave me an apple in exchange for a cake.他給我一個蘋果，換一塊蛋糕。
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.他們用勞動換取食物和棲身之處。
▲take sb prisoner逮捕/capture sb 俘獲，捉拿
put sb in prison,take sb to prison,send sb to prison把……關進監獄/throw sb into prison把……投進監獄
▲wander through Arabic countries穿過許多阿拉伯國家
The children wandered around the town with nothing to do.那些孩子無所事事，在街上閑逛。
The boy wandered the neighbourhood,looking for the dog.那孩子走遍了鄰里街坊，找他那條狗。
▲reach out to sp./reach sp./come to sp.arrive at(in) sp.
▲date from/back to
The castle dates back to/dates from the 14th century.這座城堡建于14世紀。
▲ripe
By the beginning of the 15th century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.到15世紀初大型聚會的時機成熟了。
Was the peach ripe or green?那桃子是熟的還是生的？
▲prosper under a new dynasty在新的朝代下繁榮昌盛(prosperity)
The business is prospering.生意興隆。
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.他祝這對新人生活幸福，萬事如意。
▲renew relations with恢復同…..的關系
▲excite one’s curiosity激起……的好奇心
▲send a message to sb向……發出邀請/信息
▲response非洲統治者的反應非常慷慨The response of African rulers are very generous.
▲challenge/at home
明朝朝廷認識到最大的挑戰和機遇是在國內。
Ming court belied that its greatest challenges and opportunities were at home.
國內外 at home and abroad
▲.various adj. 各種各樣的，不同的
He analysed the various factors.他分析了各種不同因素。
Of all the various ways of cooking an egg,I like boiling best.
在所有做雞蛋的各種方法中，我最喜歡煮的方法。
various,varied都可作“各種各樣的”解，大部分情況下可通用，但varied可表示“正在變化之中的”，a varied life。
▲.suggest vt.
（1）提議，建議。后跟動名詞、that從句（從句中謂語動詞用should do,should可省略）
suggest sth.to sb.
He suggested the idea to me.他向我提出那種想法。
I suggest going there at once.我建議立刻去那里。
The teacher suggested that we do our homework now.老師建議我們現在就做作業。
（2）使人想起，暗示
His pale face suggests that he is ill.他的蒼白的臉色表明他病了。
▲.accomplish vt.達到（目的），完成（任務），實現（計劃）
This task is accomplished by great effort.完成這項任務花了很大力氣。
He accomplished a great deal during his first year.第一年他就取得了很多成績。
It is the workers who will accomplish this task.就是工人們將完成這項任務。
accomplish指做到底，實現一個計劃，如：to accomplish a trip完成一次旅行
finish指完成日常的事，如：He finished the homework.他完成了作業。
complete指加上缺少的部分，如：to complete the sentence把句子補充完整
▲.apart from 除……外
He works until nine o’clock every evening,and that’s quite apart from the work he does over the weekend.
他每天晚上工作到9點,這還不算他周末加班。
Apart from the salary,it’s not a bad job.除工資（偏低）外，這工作不錯。
Apart from you and me,I don’t think there was anyone there under thirty.除你我之外，我認為沒有人在30歲以下。
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.不可能有脫離實踐的知識。
歸納拓展：apart from，in addition（to），besides ，as well（as），except for，except，but
（1）apart from這個復合介詞兼有“除外”和“包括”的雙重意義。
（2）以下短語或單詞意義相近，均表示“除……之外還有……”這一“附加”意義。
in addition（to） besides，as well （as）
（3）以下短語或單詞均表示“除……之外沒有……”這一“排除”意義。except for except but
▲.arise vi.出現，發生；由……引起，由……發生
A difficulty arose right here.困難就在這里。
How did the quarrel arise?這次爭吵是怎么引起的？
Originally,organic compounds were thought to arise from life processes.最初有機化合物是由生命過程產生的。
rise vi.升起，上漲；raise vt.舉起，提高，提升，提出；飼養（羊、雞等），撫養（子女等），招募（軍隊等），募捐（錢等）。
▲.bring up教育；養育;提出；引出;嘔吐；to bring up the question提出問題
She was brought up by her grandparents.她是由爺爺奶奶帶大的。
He brought up all the food he had eaten.他把吃下的食物都嘔吐出來了。
歸納拓展：bring in獲利；賺;bring about帶來,引起;bring down使……降低
The boys bring in ￡60 a week.這些男孩子每周賺60鎊。
How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year?去年副業使這家農戶增加了多少收入?
The Internet has brought about big changes in the way we work.因特網使我們的工作方式發生了很大變化。
We’d better wait till they bring down their prices.我們最好等他們降價。
▲.run out of 用光，用盡
We are running out of water.我們的水要用盡了。
We ran out of petrol yesterday.昨天我們用光了汽油。
比較：All our supply of food has run out.我們所有的食品供應都用光了。
We decided we had better go home,before our money ran out.我們決定最好在錢用光之前回家。
表示“用光、用盡”的還有：use up,give out
All those I had are used up.我所有的都用光了。
They have used up their money.他們用光了錢。
The fuel gave out.燃料用光了。
You can’t have a hot bath-the water will give out.你不能洗熱水澡了。要沒水了。
從以上例子可看出，雖然這些詞組都表示“用光、用完”，但use up,run out of 為及物動詞，而run out,give out為不及物動詞。
歸納拓展:run into遇上，偶然遇到;陷于，碰上（困境、麻煩等）
I ran into Emma on my way home.我在回家的路上碰到了Emma。
If you run into difficulties,try to overcome them.如遇困難，要努力去克服。
Unit 3 The Land Down Under
1. Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories現代澳大利亞是由六個州兩大區組成的
be made up of =consists of 由……組成
The Grade Three in our school is made up of 17 classes.我們學校高三年級是由17個班級組成的。
17 classes make up the Grade Three in our school.
The solar system is made up of a star and nine plants. 太陽系是由一個恒星和九個行星組成的。
make up 和解,和好; 虛構,編造; 化妝; 補償,彌補; 湊錢
It is very hard to make up the quarrel between the couple.很難調解這對夫婦之間的爭吵。
Don’t make up any excuse to cheat me.不要找任何借口來欺騙我。
I find no time to make myself up every day.梳妝打扮
Because you were ill, you will have to make up the final exam.補期末考試
Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence/the lost time. 彌補智力上的缺乏/損失的時間(用其他方式)
Have you made up the money for your class? 湊錢
2. Australia is surrounded by many oceans.澳大利亞周邊有兩大洋
surround 包圍 surround sb./ sth. with sth
They have surrounded the town with troops.他們出動軍隊包圍了該城。
surround 常用于被動語態中 “被……包圍
The house is surrounded by/with high walls.房子周圍有高高的圍墻。
When he came back ,he found himself surrounded by his family and friends.當他蘇醒后，發現他周圍站著他的家人和朋友。
surroundings (周邊環境) environment (與人類相對的環境)
3. but the capital of Australia is Canberra,a city located between Sydeny and Melbourne
……但是澳大利亞首都卻在堪培拉，一座位于悉尼和墨爾本之間的城市
located=lying=standing
4.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories.六個角代表六個州，第七個角代表區。
represent 代表,象征; 表現; 描繪,塑造; 聲稱
In a love song ,people will tell his lover that the moon represents his heart.月亮象征他的心
I’d like to thank you representing my whole family.我代表我的全家謝謝您。
=I’d like to thank you on behalf of my whole family.
The girl representing all the new students gave us a speech on the school opening ceremony.
那個女孩代表所有新生在開學典禮上講了話。
He represented himself as a wealthy man, but in fact he was as poor as a church mouse.聲稱自己是個健康的人而其實
representative n.代表 adj.典型的, 有代表性的
stand for 象征,代表; 支持; (多指代字母、符號等的替代作用)
What does WTO stand for? WTO代表什么？ It stands for World Trade Organization
Before we elect him, we want to know what he stands for.
5.These peoples came to the continent at least fifity thousand years ago and created complex societies.
這些來自不同民族的人至少在五萬年之前就來到這塊大陸，而且創建了復雜的社會群體。
people 的含義
相當于persons (一個以上的人) There are many people in the room
指persons in general 人們。What will people think of this?人們將如何看待這件事？
指all the ordinary members of a state 人民（與the連用）serve the people heart and soul
指those persons who live in a particular place or have a particular nationality 某一地的居民或具有某一國籍的人民。the people of London 倫敦居民，the British people 英國人民
指nation (民族)，race （人種），tribe (部落)等，此時people為單數，其復數形式為peoples
the peoples of the world 世界各民族；Europe is made up of many peoples.
典型例題：The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的人民。
6.live in a similar way to their ancestors……過著與他們祖先相似的生活
A be similar to B 。。。和。。。相類似
My new dress/bike is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。
8.while others live in cities,towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians……而另外一些人像其他澳大利亞同胞一樣住在城鎮和農村。
▲fellow n.（常用復數，用以構成復合詞）同伴；同志
school fellows同學 bed fellows同床者
Her fellows share her interest in computers.她的同伴跟她一樣對計算機感興趣。
adj.同伴的；同類的；同事的
fellow creatures 同類動物 fellow countryman 同胞 fellow traveler旅伴；同路人
口語中有時指“男人；小伙子”
Poor fellow!可憐的小伙子！
▲while
引導時間狀語從句，表示的時間只能是一段時間，而when引導時間狀語從句表示的時間可以是時間點，也可以是時間段。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他們來的時候我們正在吃飯。
表示對比，意為“而，但是”。
He is a worker while I am a doctor.他是工人而我是醫生。
表示“盡管，雖然”，多放于句首。
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.盡管我能理解你所說的，但卻無法贊同。
表示“只要”。
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有水和空氣，就會有生命。
9.In 1770,Captain Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown.1770年庫克船長生稱這個大陸的東海岸屬于大不列顛王國。
claim vt. & n. n.(根據權利提出)要求, 要求權, 主張, 要求而得到的東西，vt.(根據權利)要求, 認領, 聲稱, 主張, 需要，索賠
You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.貨物有損壞，可以要求退錢。
Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?汽車出了事故后你向保險公司索賠了嗎？
I claimed the coat that the teacher found. 我認領了老師找到的外套。
Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人認領這塊手表嗎？
He claimed that he hadn't done it, but I didn't believe him. 他聲稱沒有做這件事，可是我不相信他。
He claimed that he had done the work without help.他聲稱沒有得到幫助而完成了這項工作。
Don’t claim to know what you don’t know.不要不懂裝懂。
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.漁夫和水手有時聲稱看到過海里的妖怪。
10. Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent.后來，美國獨立戰爭使得英國不能向北美輸送囚犯，于是澳大利亞被選為一個新的囚犯和罪犯的流放地。
11.The British Governor landed on January 26,today as Australia Day. 英國總督于1月26日登陸，這一天就是現在的澳大利亞日。
The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government.當時統治六個州的憲法表明人是自由平等的。它還說明了人民的基本權利，也描述了當時的新政府。
統治；控制，治理
In Britain elected representatives of the people govern the country.
在英國治理國家的是民選的代表。
支配某事物；決定
Self-interest governs all his actions.
他的所作所為皆取決于一己之利。
n.government 統治；控制；支配
州長；省長；總督someone who rules a state or province
12.The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Aistralian ecosytems. 新來的這批人改變了這里的土地管理方式。引進了新的植物和動物，這些動植物破壞了澳大利亞的生態系統
be harmful to/do harm to/harm sb.or sth
13. As a consequence,the original Australians suffered. 結果原來的澳大利亞人吃盡了苦頭。
as a consequence 結果，后果
as a consequence= in consequence/as a result
After graduation, he became quite lazy. As a consequence, he lost what he owned.
畢業后，他變得懶惰起來，結果失去了自己所有的一切。
in consequence of =as a result of/because of/due to/owing to
In consequence of his rudeness, he was fired by his boss.由于他的粗魯，他被老板開除了。
14.Many Aborigines and Islanders were moved had their land taken away from them許多土著居民和島民被遷走了，他們的土地被剝奪了。
have+賓語+done過去分詞作賓語補足語的結構
15.In the early twentieth century,Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century在20世紀初期，澳大利亞就像18世紀的美國一樣。
resemble vt.（不用于被動語態和進行時態）
resemble sb./sth.（in sth.） 與（他人或他物）相似；像……
She resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟長得很像。
He strongly resembles his father in appearance.他非常像他的父親。
n resemblance（between A and B）相似；相像
There is a degree of resemblance between the two boys.這兩個男孩有某些相似之處。
16.The First World War had a strong influence on Australia.第一次世界大戰對澳大利亞有強烈的影響。
have an influence on/upon 對…有影響
have an influence on/upon=have an effect on/upon influence sb./sth.=affect sb./sth.
I don’t think this kind of system will have a great influence on our school.我認為這種體制不會對我們學校產生很大影響。
SARS has a strong influence on human.對人類影響很大。
17.After the war,the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the Great Depression of the 1930s.
戰后國家經歷了社會和經濟的動蕩，遭受了30年代大蕭條的苦難。
vt.受到，遭受，蒙受，后接pain,defeat,loss,poverty,hunger等名詞。
His leg was broken and he suffered great pain.
他的腿斷了，遭受了巨大痛苦的折磨。
常用于短語suffer from...，意為“受……的折磨，患某種疾病，有某種缺陷”。
In the old days,peasants suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
在舊社會，農民們饑寒交迫。
18. Australia began to transform itself into the modern country it is today.
澳大利亞開始把自己轉變成今天這樣的現代化國家。
A fresh coat of paint can transform a room.
房間重新粉刷一遍可大為改觀。
A generator generator (發電機)transforms mechanical energy into electricity. (把機械能轉變成電能)
A steam engineer transforms heat into power.蒸汽機把熱轉化成動力。
adj.transformable 可改變外觀或性質的
n.transformation（外觀或性質的）改變，改觀；轉變
His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage.
他結婚之后性格判若兩人。
19.The economy grew and Australia benefited from the immigration.經濟增長了，澳大利亞人從移民中受益。
benefit n.
He has had the benefit of a first-class education.他受益于第一流的教育。
The new factory will be a great benefit to the town.這個新工廠對這個市鎮將會有很大的好處。(=be good to)
benefit v.
This medicine will benefit you.這藥對你有好處。
I benefited from my father’s advice.我受益于父親的教育。
20. pass laws to strengthen the rights of ……通過法律來加強……的權利。
strengthen v.加強；鞏固；變強
The current strengthened as we moved down the river.我們順流而下時，水流更急了。
This latest development has further strengthened my determination to leave.最近事態的發展更增強了我離開的決心。
strength n.力氣；力量；強度
He is a man of great strength.他是個強壯的男子。
The fence was strengthened with wire. 這堵圍欄用金屬絲加固了。
21.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognize the importance of diverse society.
許多年后澳大利亞才懂得尊重土著居民，并認識到多元化的重要性
Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English.
澳洲英語在發音上不同與英國英語和美國英語。
diverse adj. differing one from another; different 不同的；多種多樣的
have diverse interests 有多種興趣
differ from sb./ sth.與某人/某事物不同，有區別=be different from
We differ from each other in many ways.我們在許多方面不同。
In this aspect,French differs from English/French and English.在這方面，法語不同于英語。
differ with/from sb.about/on sth.不同意；持異議
I’m sorry to differ with you on that.對不起，在那一點上我與你看法不同。
“I beg to differ.”表示與某人意見不一致。
n.difference
difference between A and B不同之處；差別；變化
It’s not very easy to tell the difference between sugar and salt.區別糖和鹽不是很容易的。
make a/no/some difference（to sb./ sth.）（對某人/某事物）有/沒有/有些作用或影響。
It makes no difference（to me）what you say:I’m not going.不管你怎么說（對我來說）都無所謂，反正我不去。
Integrative reading
1.connect
The two cities are connected by a railway
The No. 1 trolly bus connects here with the No. 4 trolly bus for the East Lake.
connect with Beijing University.
connect A with B connect…with(by) join A to B/join…with(by)
We can connect(join)the two islands with a bridge.
The road connects Beijing with Tianjin.
The new highway has joined our hometown to the city.
The Pananma Canal connects the Atlantic with the Pacific.
(The road connects Shanghai and Suzhou.)
2.separate
Although both these shops sell vegetables, they are quite separate.
The children all sleep in separate beds.
We’re sorry that you two should be separated.
England is separated from France by the English channel.
Let’s separate them into three groups.
Please separate the good apples from the bad ones.
They didn’t separate till midnight.
The good friends were glad to meet after so long a separation.
Cf:The world is divided into five continents.
You can divide the apples between you.
separate:把原來在一起的人或物分隔開來
divide: 著重把一個整體按一定數量和大小比例分成若干份。
3.having been separated from…
*Arriving at the village(When he arrived at the village),he could not find his home.
*Walking in the park(When she was walking), she saw an old friend.
*Being blind(As they were blind),how could they see?
*Having been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of country .(As he had been)
*Having been rebuilt this way,these temples look even more beautiful.(As/After they have been rebuilt)
*Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper. (After they put up/had put up)
(Right) Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.
(Wrong)Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.
(Right)Having found the cause they continued the experiment.
(Wrong)Having found the cause,the experiment continued.
Fill in the blanks
(1).Who is the man standing by the door?
(2).The bell ran announcing the end of class.
(3).Austrlia is the only country covering an entire continent.
(4).Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.
(5).Those chosen as team members must be here before 7 a.m. tomorrow.
(6).He is a man liked by all.
(7).The man writing this English letter is my teacher.
(8).The letter written in simple English is from my teacher.
4.In area…the same size as/…more than 13 times as many as
China is large in area and rich in resources.
The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height.
They built a fence 30 meters in length.
The area of Australia is 7.6 million sq.km.
A是B的x倍，可表示為：
A be x times the size/height/length of B
A be x times as big/high/long as B
A be x-1 time bigger/higher/longer than B
A be bigger/higher/longer than B by x-1 times
如：這個房間是那個房間的3倍。
This room is three times the size of that one.
This room is three times as big as that one.
This room is twice bigger than that one.
This room is bigger than that one by twice.
5.feed…on/feed…to
6.give birth to/be borne
She has borne three children.
She has given birth to three children.
7.keep out
Danger! Keep out!
They closed all windows to keep out the cold.
We put a fence round the vegetable garden to keep the chickens out.
Please keep him out of trouble while he is studying here.
Please keep the dog out of the garden.
keep-phrase:
Keep up your courage/spirits.
They can keep up their normal temperature even in very cold weather.
The old man couldn’t keep up with the other people.
Dave was not good at maths and he couldn’t keep up with the rest of the class.
They used to keep watch at the top of the tree during the war.
Keeping a diary is very important to you.
You’d better keep cool when you are in danger.
She couldn’t keep back her tears at the news.
A newspaper can keeps one in touch with the world.
Nothing can keep me from doing so.
8.round up 聚攏；征集；搜捕
The guide rounded up the tourists and took them back to the coach.向導把游客們聚集在一起，又把他們帶回到海濱。
The sheepdog rounded up the sheep and drove them through the gate.牧羊犬把羊群集中到一起，趕進柵門。
Unit 4 Green world
1.Attempt had been made by others to classfy plant species into groups,but the breakthrough came with the work of Carl Linnaeus.另一些人嘗試按植物種類分類，但是突破性進展卻來自Carl Linnaeus.
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon試圖奪取(在第一單元中講過)
classify vt.編排；分類to arrange or organize according to class or category classify sb./ sth.（as sth.）將某人/某物歸類
We usually classify types of character as good or bad.我們通常把 (人的) 性格之類型分為善與惡。
The books in the library are classified by subject.圖書館的書是按照科目分類的。
Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?
你認為她的小說屬于文學類呢，還是屬于通俗讀物類？
classified（常作定語）分類的 a classified directory分類電話簿 classified advertisements分類廣告
classification n. the act or result of classifying; a category or class分類；類別
2. Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
在林尼厄斯確立這個系統之前，要說明植物之間的關系是一個復雜而陌生的事情。
3.But Linnaeus’ idea of grouping plants in families was unique.而Linnaeus把植物按家族來分類的想法卻很特別。
group v.集合，使成群；類集
The children grouped round the piano.孩子們集合在鋼琴周圍。
We can group animals into several types.我們可以把動物分成好幾類。(We can classify animals as several types.)
noun（1）群；組；類
（family,team,audience,enemy,group,class等集合名詞作主語時，若看作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式；若強調各個成員，謂語動詞用復數形式。）
Our group is going to climb a mountain tomorrow.我們組明天要去爬山。
The group are having dinner now.組員們正在吃晚飯。
What blood group are you?你是什么血型？
[作定語] a group activity 集體活動
（2）（公司聯營的）集團：a newspaper group報業集團
▲identification （學案上沒有） n. the state of being identified 鑒別；驗明
the identification of high yielding seeds 高產量種子的鑒別
n. proof or evidence of identity 身份證明(縮寫 ID)
His only means of identification was his passport. 他唯一證明身份的證件就是他的護照。
4.As a result,fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related,although they are different at first sight.
因此（結果），盡管桃子和梨子乍看起來是不同的，但事實上它們是有關聯的。
at first sight/glance
At first sight/glance the problem seemed easy. 乍一看這個問題似乎很容易。
They felt in love at first sight.他們一見鐘情。
He could tell at a(single) glance what was wrong with the car.他一眼就能看出汽車有什么毛病。
5.develop a lifelong frienship with… 與……結成為終身好友
make a lifelong friend with sb.
6.Born into a life of privilege,Joseph Banks was the son of a wealthy family. Joseph Banks是一個富裕家庭的孩子，生來就享有特殊權利
privilege n. a special advantage, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class 特權；優惠
Our members have the privilege of using the lending service of the library.
我們的會員有享受圖書館借書服務的特權。
7.lead/live a cosy life過著安逸的生活
live/lead a happy life/a bitter life 過著幸福/痛苦生活
cosy ：comfortable; easy
8.but young Banks had an appetite for knowledge但是小班克斯卻有渴求知識的欲望
n. a desire for food 食欲；胃口
Exercises give one a good appetite. 運動增進食欲。
n. a strong wish or liking 愛好；欲望
He has an appetite for writing. 他好從事寫書。（be fond of,go in for）
9.Despite his wealth,he worked to make a career in science. 盡管他很富有，但他謀求在科學上有一番成就。
in spite of his wealth/although he was wealthy/rich….
Some were owners of great wealth and property. 有些人擁有萬貫家財。
10. In 1768,the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on
an expedition to Tahiti.1768年英國皇家海軍任命James Cook為“奮力”號船長，帶領皇家學會成員遠征塔希提島。
appoint sb.（to.）;appoint sb.（as.）
挑選（某人）做某工作或任某職位；任命；委派
He was appointed to the vacant post.他被委派填補那空缺。
We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我們必須立即委派一名新教師到那山村小學去。
They have appointed a new manager.他們已經任用了一位新經理。
Who shall we appoint （as） chairperson?我們選派誰擔任主席呢？
appoint sth.（for sth.） 確定或決定某事物
They have appointed a date for the meeting.他們已經約定了開會的日期。
They appointed a place to exchange stamps. 他們約定一個地方交換郵票。
11.This would give astronomers a chance to calculate the distance between the earth and the sun.
這樣天文學家就有機會去測量地球和太陽之間的距離。
They use a computer to calculate the cost of a journey.他們用電腦算出旅行的費用。
I calculate that we will reach London at about 3 p.m.估計我們大約在下午3點到達倫敦。
be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算或計劃做某事
His speech was calculated to stir up the crowd.他講的話有意鼓動/煽動人群。
n. calculation計算，推算
12 …it was the government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
英國政府贊助了這次考察中天文學部分所需的設備和經費。
expense n.花費，費用，經費
It’s too much of an expense to own a car.擁有一輛汽車的花費太大。
at one’s expense由某人負擔費用
He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出錢印了書。
at the expense of sth.在損失或損壞某事物的情況下
He built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.
他創建的企業很成功，但這一切都損害了他的健康。
13.had to supply about ￡10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition……不得不把自己的錢（大約一萬英鎊）拿出來為這次遠征提供設備。
supply當“提供；供應”講，近義詞為provide/offer。
（1）supply sb.with sth./ supply sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
They supplied food aids to the people in the flood-stricken area.
=They supplied the people in the flood-stricken area with food aids.
他們向受災地區的人們提供了食品援助。
（2）offer sb.sth./offer sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
He offered me a cup of tea.=He offered a cup of tea to me.
（3）provide sb.with sth./ provide sth.for sb.向某人提供某物，供應
The firm has provided me with a car.=The firm has provided a car for me.公司提供給我一輛汽車。
在涉及到錢時，supply則不明確，一般講來要給錢，provide往往則意味著免費提供
The school provides the students with lesson-sheets.學校免費給學生提供講義。
We can supply you with some rare Ming editions. 我們可以給你提供一些稀有的明版書。
14.He also look out for new economic species; plants that could be grown in England or other parts of the world to produce crops that could be sold . 而且他還調查了一些新的經濟物種，在英國和世界其他地區生長其谷物能夠被賣的植物。
look our for to be careful of 當心；注意；警惕
Look out (for the car)! 留神(汽車)！
15. Banks was the first to move crops from one continent to anther on a large scale, helping to develop local economic with these new imports. 約瑟夫。班克斯是第一位大規摸把植物從一個大陸移到另一個大陸的人，用這些進口的東西來幫助發展當地的經濟。
16.some plants that were spread over the globe in this way include cococa,hemp and tea.用這種方式發展起來的植物有可可，大麻和茶葉。
17.The voyage had been a great success.這次航海取得了巨大的成功。
18.Wonderful discoveries had been of strange new lands,cultures,animals and plants.
絕妙的發現還包括新奇的大陸、文化和動植物。
19.From behind his desk, however, he was involved in enterprises such as the exploration of Africa and the settlement of Australia.然而他卻在幕后卷入了諸如探索非洲和開拓澳洲之類的航行。
involve
（1）需要The job involved me in London.工作需要我住在倫敦。
（2）牽涉，牽連；包括
The strike involved many people.許多人參加了罷工。
involve sb./sth.in sth./doing sth.使某人/某事物陷入或參與某活動
in solving your problems!你解決你的問題，不要把我拉進去。
He was involved in a heated argument.他參與了一場激烈的爭論。
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都參加了學校排練的劇。
20.He accumulated a great deal of knowledge about plants and agriculture.他積累了大量的有關植物和農業方面的知識。
accumulated
（1）vt.積累；聚集
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投資精明而積蓄了一筆財產。
My savings are accumulating interest.我的儲蓄不斷生息。
He accumulated a fortune by hard work. 他靠努力工作積蓄了一筆財富。
（2）vi. 增加
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房間不經常打掃，塵土很快就越積越多。
Snow accumulated to a depth of 10 feet. 雪已積到十尺深。
n. accumulation 金錢、知識、經驗的積累
21. In growing strawberries Banks went back to the abandoned practice of spreading straw under the fruit to reduce the necessary amount of watering.在種植草莓時Banks采用早已廢棄的在果實下鋪稻草的方法來降低用水量。
The driver abandoned his car in the snow. 司機把汽車拋在雪地里。
He found a baby abandoned by its parents.他發現了一個被父母遺棄的嬰兒。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比賽因天氣惡劣而取消。
(please look up the word:desert)
供閱讀的其它知識點
▲Darwin’s observations on that voyage led him to write his famous book on the Origin of species.…
達爾文在那次環球旅行中的觀察使他寫出了著名的《物種起源》
▲deserve
The article deserves careful study=The article is worth studying.
She deserves a reward for her effort.她積極努力，應該得到獎賞。
They deserve to be sent to prison.他們應該入獄。
▲It was Darwin’s visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.
達爾文乘“小獵犬號”去加拉 戈斯群島的活動使他獲得了新創建理論的鑰匙。
▲habitat（動物或植物的）棲息地/自然環境
This creature’s natural habitat is the jungle. 這種動物的天然棲息地是叢林。
▲pass sth.down from one generation to the next（常用于被動語態）一代一代傳下去
pass away 去世，逝世(die) pass by走過；經過；忽視 pass sth.on （to sb.）將某物傳交給（某人）
pass through sth.經歷（一段時間） pass on （to sth.）從一階段進入另一階段
▲.As a result of Darwin and Mendel s research, scientists of the nineteenth century formed the belief that the influence of the environment was behind the development of new species. 達爾文和門德爾的研究結果，使得19世紀的科學家悶形成這樣的一種理念：環境的影響導致了新物種的發展。
▲It would take a next generation of scientists to bring the importance of the environment on species back in view.
要重新認識環境對物種的重要性環需要下一代科學家的努力。
▲In 1922,Gte Turesson found evdence for the existence of stable varieties within species in nature.
1922年Gte Turesson發現了自然界物種穩定多樣性存在的證據。
▲grow to bush長成灌木，grow close to the ground長得貼近地面
▲adapt 適應，改編，改寫
I don’t think I shall ever adapt myself to this hot weather.
They are adapted to various climates,soil and other natural conditions.
He is adapting the novel fortelevision.他在把這部小說改編成電視劇。
▲However, Turesson’s findings show that habitat,such as soil conditions,is of equal importance to the output of crops.
然而Turesson的調查研究結果卻表明，生長地的情況，如生長地的土壤條件，對糧食農作物的產量也具有同樣重要的意義。
output n. amount of things that you have made 產量；產品
We must increase our output to meet people's needs. 我們必須增加產量來滿足人們的需要。
請不要跟adopt（采取、采用，通過、收養）相混
▲procedure n.程序（尤指工商、法律、政治等事務的）
Stop arguing about （questions of） procedure and let’s get down to business.
別再為程序（問題）爭辯了，咱們著手議正事吧。
procedure （for sth.）手續；步驟
What’s the procedure for opening a bank account?在銀行開個賬戶要辦什么手續？
▲promote v.（1）提升，晉升
My daughter’s just been promoted!我的女兒剛被提升了！
promote sb.to sth.提升，擢升某人
The football team was promoted to the first division.該足球隊已晉升為甲級隊。
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我們的老師已被提升為校長了。
（2）促進；鼓勵，推動
The organization works to promote friendship between nations.該組織旨在促進各國之間的友誼。
Kindness promotes peace. 親切的行為可以促進和睦。
▲rose n. a beautiful flower, which is red, white or yellow 玫瑰(花)；薔薇(花)
Father planted roses along one side of the garden. 父親沿著花園的一邊種了玫瑰。
You lie upon roses when young, you'll lie upon thorns when old. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。
▲peony n. 牡丹；芍藥
She blushed like a peony. 她臉紅得像一朵牡丹花。
▲bunch n. a number of things of the same kind fastened or growing together 串；束
a bunch of flowers 一束花 a bunch of grapes/keys 一串葡萄/一串鑰匙
▲merely adv. only僅僅；只不過
I didn't stop to speak to him--I merely smiled. 我沒有停下來和他說話--我只是微微一笑。
▲enterprise n. an undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk; a business organization事業；企業
government enterprise 公/國營企業 private enterprise 私/民營企業 small-to-medium-sized enterprises中小企業
▲settlement n. group of homes in a place where no people have lived before 拓居地；定居點
The first settlements were on the east coast of America. 最初的殖民地是在美洲的東海岸。
n. agreeing about something after discussing it 解決（方案）
After long talks about pay, the managers and workers reached a settlement.
就工資進行長期談判后，勞資雙方達成一項解決辦法。
▲straw n. dry, cut stalks of wheat, etc. 稻草；麥稈
Everyone of us had a straw hat on. 我們人人都戴草帽。
n. thin tube of paper or plastic for drinking a cold drink 麥管；吸管
He sucked Coke through a straw. 他用吸管吸可口可樂。
▲year after year adv. 年年；一年又一年(= year in year out) 對比year by year
▲tone n. a sound; the quality of a sound; the voice, as expressing feeling音調；語調
She spoke in an angry tone. 她用惱怒的口氣說話。
▲reward n. present or money that you give to thank someone for something 報酬；報答
He was given a reward for passing the examination. 他因考試及格而得到獎品。
He worked hard all his life but without much reward. 他辛勤一生，但得到的報酬卻很少。
vt. give something in return for 酬謝；獎賞
He was well rewarded by the kind things people said about him. 人們表揚了他，這就是對他很好的獎勵。
▲nowhere adv. at, in, or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；什么地方也沒有
He was nowhere to be found. 什么地方也找不到他。
n. an unknown place 不知道的地方：a cabin in the middle of nowhere 不知在什么中心的小屋
▲altogether adv. on the whole; all things considered 總共；總而言之
There were five of us altogether. 我們共有五人。
Altogether, the book is quite interesting. 總的說來，這本書相當有趣。
adv. totally; completely 完全；全部地
Some of what you say is true, but I don't altogether agree. 你說的有些是真的，但我不能全都同意。
▲appearance n. what someone or something looks like 外貌；外表
Do not judge by appearances. 別從外貌判斷事物。
n. being seen; coming 顯露；出現
At the sight of his appearance on the stage, the hall rang with thunderous applause. 他一出場，禮堂里就掌聲雷動。
▲latter adj. 后者
Of the two, the former is better than the latter. 兩者之中前者較后者為佳。
▲distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 區別；辨別
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨認是棉花還是羊毛。(tell…from)
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，讓我來把它區分出來。
▲in detail with all the facts 詳細地 The teacher explained the text in detail. 老師詳細地解釋了課文。
Unit 5 Getting the message
Ⅰ. Words and Expressions（課文前面部分出現的）
1.convey ---- to take or carry from one place to another; transport. 運送；運輸
----to communicate or make known; impart通知；通報；傳達
The truck conveyed machinery across the country. 這輛卡車把機器運往全國各地。
Wires convey electricity.金屬線導電。
I will convey the information to him.我將把這消息通知他。
2.advertise ---- to make public announcement of, especially to proclaim th equalities or advantages of (a product or business) so
as to increase sales. 做廣告；---- to warn or notify告誡，告知
advertise sth做廣告(宣傳)，使……盡人皆知，put an advertisement做廣告
Why not advertise your secondhand car in the local newspaper?為什么不在本地報紙上為你的二手車做個廣告呢？
If you want to sell your secondhand car,why not put an advertisement in the local newspaper?
你如果想賣掉你的二手車，為什么不在本地報紙上做個廣告呢？
advertise for sb/sth登廣告招聘/欲購
The company advertised for a new secretary.公司登了廣告招聘一名新秘書。
We should advertise for someone to look after our children.我們該登個廣告聘人來照管孩子們。
advertiser 廣告商
The report gives advertisers a new picture of women today.這份報告使廣告商對今日婦女有了新的認識。
4.brand ---- A trademark identifying a product or a manufacturer
商標；牌子；烙印
What brand of soap do you like?你喜歡什么牌子的肥皂？
These cattle have my brand on them. 這些牛身上都有我打的烙印。
（常與of連用）特殊類型
his own brand of humor 他獨特的幽默感
5.consideration ---- careful thought
Please give the problem your careful consideration. 請你仔細考慮這個問題。
短語：in consideration of 報答；由于under consideration 在考慮中，在研究中
take … into consideration 顧及，考慮到
Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when he marks your exams.
你的老師評定考試成績時，會考慮到你最近生病的情況。
Taking everything into consideration,the result is better than I expected.
從各方面考慮，結果比我預料的好。
復習以前學過的詞組
We must take local conditions into account.我們必須把當地的條件考慮進去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我們必須考慮到國家的利益。
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必須考慮這個計劃。
6.charge ---- expense; cost 費用；花費 ---- the price asked for something 價格，收費
a charge for the use of the telephone 使用電話的費用
The charge for a front-row seat is $3. 前排座位票價每張三美元。
----management 監督；管理
---- a claim of wrongdoing 指控；控告
a charge of stealing 對偷竊罪的指控
The charge carries a possible sentence of three years.這項控告可能要判三年徒刑。
短語：
in charge of 負責
The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway.主任工程師負責指揮地鐵的建造工程。
I was in charge of my sister. 我在照看我妹妹。
in the charge of / in one’s charge 歸某人負責；由某人監管
The factory is in the charge of a special committee. 這家工廠現在由一個特別委員會監管。
7.loss ---- The act or an instance of losing; something that is lost; people lost in wartime or an accident.損失；喪失；遺失。
The loss of my watch meant that I had to buy a new one.我的手表丟了就意味著我得買只新的。
Have you reported the loss of the technical papers about the new product to the police?
你們把丟失新產品技術文件的事向警方報告了嗎?
His unfortunate death was a great loss to the firm.他的不幸去世對他的商行來說是個重大損失。
The losses are computed at $1000. 估計損失1000美元。
短語：
at a loss ①低于成本的：sell the merchandise at a loss.賠本賣出貨物
②迷惑的；不解的：I am at a loss to understand those remarks. 我不理解那些話
8.blame ----to hold responsible. 負責
---- To place responsibility for (something) 歸咎：把（某事）責任歸于…
Blame it!(美) 該死!
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 別怪他,該怪我。
They blamed the failure on George. 他們把失敗歸咎于喬治。
Blame me if I don't. 我要是不這樣做,隨你怎么辦好了。
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他們怪罪秘書造成計劃延誤。
If he fails the exam he’s only got himself to blame.如果他考試不及格，那只能怪他自己。
短語：be to blame 應受譴責
The children were not to blame. 孩子們不應受到譴責。
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不應該責怪司機。
n. 責怪，（對壞事所應付的）責任
We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.我們準備對所發生的事承擔責任。
The judge put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.法官把事故的責任歸咎于汽車司機。
ⅠI. Words and Expressions（課文部分出現的）
1…they are broadcast on TV and over the radio,posted the Internet and printed in newspapers and on posters in our cities.
電視機和收音機播放廣告，因特網上登載廣告，報紙上印制廣告，廣告牌上貼廣告。
broadcast -- to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use.傳播,傳播（電臺電視節目），供大眾使用
--to send out or communicate, especially by radio or television. 播放：尤指通過電臺、電視，播出，發送：
The agency broadcast an urgent appeal for medical supplies.代理商通過電臺緊急呼吁要求藥品供應
to broadcast the gossip 傳播流言蜚語
The BBC broadcasts every day. 英國廣播公司每天廣播。
Radio Beijing broadcasts on a dozen different frequencies.北京電臺以十幾種不同的頻率進行廣播。
作名詞用：
The news broadcast will be at 7.00. 新聞廣播將在7點開始。
post ---- to display (an announcement) in a place of public view. 貼布告：在公共場所貼（布告）
----to cover (a wall, for example) with posters. 貼海報：用海報張貼
The names of the members of the team will be posted up today. 隊員名單將于今天張榜公布。
The ship was posted missing. 該船宣告失蹤。
2.The development of radio,television and other media has gone hand in hand with the development of advertising.
廣播、電視和其它媒體與廣告業同步發展。
hand in hand 手拉手，密切關系的
They went home hand in hand.他們手拉手回家了。
The development of agriculture should go hand in hand with that of industry. 工業和農業應共同發展。
Dirt and disease go hand in hand.骯臟與疾病是分不開的。
3.People react to advertisements in different ways.人們對廣告的反應是不同的。
（1）vi. 反應，反抗
How did he react to your suggestion?他對你的建議有什么反應？
Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.孩子往往故意不聽父母的話來表示抗拒。
How did your mother react to the news? She reacted by getting very angry.
你媽媽對這個消息的反應怎樣？她的反應是非常生氣。
（2）vt. （指物質）起化學反應
An acid can react with a base to form a salt.酸可與堿起化學反應形成鹽。
4.Some people find ads useful and entertaining;others think that they are annoying.有些人認為廣告有用而且有趣，有些人認為它討厭。
These flies are annoying me.這些蒼蠅真使我心煩。
I was annoyed with him because he kept interrupting.我對他煩透了，因為他不停地打斷我的話。
be annoyed with sb for/at sth 討厭某事為某事對某人生氣
復習：be angry at/about sth
be angry with/at sb for doing sth
5.Defenders of ads say that ads help us make informed choices as consumers by introducing good quality products.為廣告辯護者說，廣告介紹了質地優良的產品，幫助消費者作出了明智的選擇。
Can you inform where he lives?你能告訴我他住在哪兒？
He informed them of his arrival.他通知他們說他到了。
He is a well-informed man.他是個消息靈通人士。
inform against/on/upon sb告發/控告
informer告發者，檢舉者
6.On the other hand,critics sometimes accuse companies of using ads and misleading us by making us believe that a certain product is better than it really is or that we will be happier if we buy it.另一方面，批評者有時指責公司濫用廣告誤導我們，讓我們相信某種產品比它的實際情況要好，或者購買某種產品會令人更加愉快。
to charge with a shortcoming or an error. 指責：因缺點或錯誤而指控
to charge formally with a wrongdoing. 指控：正式指控某一錯誤行徑
The police accused him of murder. 警方指控他謀殺。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盜竊罪。
accuse 與charge
The police ______ him with murder. (1) charged
Tom _____ his boss of having broken his word. (2) accused
The police ______the driver with careless driving. (3) charged
His neighbour ______him of playing the musical instrument too loudly. (4) accused
7.By introducing a brand name to potential customers,and by associating the product with the customers’needs,companies are able to influence the choices customers.把一個商品品牌的名字告訴潛在的消費者，并把這種產品同消費者的需要聯系起來，公司就可能影響消費者作出選擇。
associate vt.把――和――聯系起來
He associated himself with this campaign. 他把他自己與這次戰役聯系起來。
I didn’t want to be associated with it at all. 我根本不想參與這件事。
What do you associate with such a heavy snow? 這樣一場大雪你有什么聯想?
associate 還可以作不及物動詞使用，“和……來往，和……共事（與with連用）解。
There he associated with working people. 在那里他與勞動人民來往。
8. Customers see so many ads every day that advertisers must work hard to get their message across.消費者每天看到大量的廣告，因此廣告商必須使出渾身的解數使消費者明白他們的意圖。
get sth. across 使某事被理解（領會）
Our teacher is clever,but not very good at getting his ideas across to us.我們的老師很聰明，但他不善于把他的觀點講清楚。
The message got across at last.這信息終于被理解了。
9.The best chance to reach customers is to appeal to their emotions.接近消費者的最好機會是迎合消費者的情感。
appeal呼吁，懇求：熱切或急切的要求、請求或懇求
Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you? 你有沒有興趣出國工作?
She appeals to me. 我對她感興趣。
appeal （to sb） for sth. 請求某人某事；呼吁。。。，請求給與make an appeal
警方呼吁公眾提供有關被害者的情況。
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the murder victim.
appeals to sb to do sth. 呼吁某人干. make an appeal for sb to do sth
The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 政府呼吁每個人節約用水。
The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a definitive answer.
謀殺案的被害家屬已經請求最高法院作確切的答復。
上訴：appeal a decision to a higher court 不服判決提出上訴
He appealed against the judge's decision. 他不服法官判決而上訴。
作名詞用:an appeal for aid 懇求援助 an appeal for forgiveness 懇求原諒
The teacher listened to his appeal. 老師傾聽了他的要求。
10.It has been proven again and again that frequent advertising increases product sales.經常做廣告會增加產品的銷售額，這是一再證明了的事。
frequent：時常發生的, 頻繁的
I enjoyed his frequent visits. 我喜歡他經常來訪。
Frequent failures did not affect his morale. 屢次失敗都沒有使他泄氣。
Rains are frequent here in early summer. 這兒在初夏季節常下雨。
She is a frequent visitor to our house.她是我們家的常客。
v.常去，時常出入于，與……經常往來
Police visited all the bars that the suspect frequented.警察視察了嫌疑犯時常出沒的所有酒吧。
These woods are frequented by all kinds of birds.這些森林里經常棲息著各種鳥類。
注意：frequent的反義詞是 infrequent, frequent的副詞是 frequently
11.Advertisements also help consumers choose among all the available products.廣告還可以幫助消費者在所有能夠找到的產品中進行選擇。available（在第二單元中已經講過，再復習一下）
This was the only available room.這是唯一可以利用的房間。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.這本書有貨時就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
12. Armed with facts and figures,customers are better able to deal with the often powerful arguments by a salesman or saleswoman.掌握了一些事實和數據之后，顧客就能更好地應付銷售人員強有力的說服。
figure:符號，數字 ,圖表, 價格：用數來表示的價值
That car of his has been sold for a large figure 以高價出售
a figure of speech. 形象化的說法
She has a five-figure income. 她有五位數的收入。
figure in 包括：包括:figured in travel expenses 包含在旅行費用當中
figure on ①依靠We figured on your support. 我們就指望你的支持了
②把…估計在內；期望：I figured on an hour's delay. 我估計要延遲一小時
③計劃We figure on leaving at noon. 我們計劃中午走
figure out ①發現或決定：Let's figure out a way to help. 讓我們來找出幫助的辦法吧
②解決或破譯：Can you figure out this puzzle? 你能找到謎底嗎?
We must figure out how to solve the problem.我們必須想出解決這個問題的辦法。
I couldn't figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.我想不出那位戴墨鏡的夫人是誰。
13.Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.并不是所有的廣告都用來促銷商品或為公司增加利潤。
該句為不完全否定。相當于All ads are not used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.
類似句型還有：Not every…=Every…not…Not both… =Both…not…
profit（1）n. 利潤，贏利，利益
There are very little profits in selling newspapers at present.現在賣報紙利潤很小。
We sold our house at a profit.我們出售房屋獲得了利潤。
This new invention will bring you great profits like a goldmine.
這項新發明會像一座金礦一樣會給你們帶來豐厚的利潤。
I have read the book to my profit. 我讀了這本書大有收益。
make a penny profit on each orange 要每只橘子盈利一便士
non-profit organisations非贏利組織（本課中出現的）
（2）v.有益于，對（某人）有好處
It will profit you nothing to do that.你做那件事沒有好處。
She has certainly profited from spending a year in England.在英國度過的一年確實對她是有益的。
The students do hope to profit by / from the teacher's comments on their compositions.
學生們真心希望從老師對他們的作文的評語中獲得益處。
對比：benefit/benefit from
14. Many governments used ad campaigns to make people aware of social problems and government policies.
許多政府部門也采用廣告作宣傳，以使人民了解社會問題和政府的政策。
campaign 戰役；計劃
a campaign to stop people smoking 一項阻止人們吸煙的運動
Did you take part in either of my last two campaigns? 你有沒有參加我（指揮）的上兩次戰役？
a fund-raising campaign 一項籌措資金的計劃；
make… aware of 使……意識到
15.These”bad ads”use illegal ways to mislead consumers.這些“壞廣告”采用不法手段來誤導消費者。
an illegal immigrant. 非法移民 It is illegal to steal things. 偷東西是違法的
16.It is not always easy to spot a bad ad there are a few things we can look out for.First of all,we should always keep an eye out for “hidden information”.要看出壞廣告并不是容易的，但也有寫情況是我們可以提防的。首先，我們要警惕“隱藏的信息”。
供閱讀的其它知識點
1. policy ---- A plan or course of action, as of a governme