第一部分: 非謂語動(dòng)詞用法詳解
一、不定式的用法
1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時(shí)式和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：
主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing /
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語，有時(shí)也可作主語、定語等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對(duì)我來說，在你們國家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見到她。
6) 疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用。
注意: why與不帶to的不定式連用，其它的詞應(yīng)與帶to的不定式連用。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (SBⅢ P32)
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (SBⅢ P1)
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開會(huì)還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。
Why do that? = Why did you do that? 你為什么要那么做？
Why not do it yourself? = Why don’t you do it yourself? 你為什么不自己做呢？
介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
7) 不定式的被動(dòng)式：
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式，to be +過去分詞和to have been +過去分詞。這些形式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語。如：
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
對(duì)他來說，被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是會(huì)上最后一個(gè)被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時(shí)地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的語法作用
1) 不定式作主語：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語，而把不定式短語移到謂語之后，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如：
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊(duì)等候是很有禮貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。
2) 不定式作表語：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理論付諸實(shí)踐。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作賓語：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我問到他的時(shí)候，他假裝讀過這本書。
另外，不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語中作賓語時(shí)，人們常常用it代表不定式，而將真實(shí)賓語放在補(bǔ)足語之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認(rèn)為這樣翻譯是不是更好？
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我覺得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
4) 不定式作補(bǔ)語：
①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞的賓語，這時(shí)不定式被稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請(qǐng)你幫我做英語練習(xí)。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。
注意：動(dòng)詞help后面接不定式作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語可以帶to也可以不帶to。如：
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰能幫我拎這個(gè)重箱子？
②在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他們每天讓孩子晚上7：00上床睡覺。
注意：get, leave等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思，和使役動(dòng)詞意思相近，但它們后面的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語必須要有to。如：
I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么讓他跟一個(gè)陌生人一起吃晚飯？
注意：當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式就成了主語補(bǔ)語，作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式必須加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽到他唱這首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等動(dòng)詞后面接的不定式短語作補(bǔ)語多由to be+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒來的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好，很誠實(shí)。
含有此類復(fù)合賓語的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式同樣被稱之為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個(gè)年輕人被認(rèn)為大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形勢(shì)看來很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構(gòu)成謂語的句子中，動(dòng)詞不定式通常也可看作主語補(bǔ)語。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
據(jù)報(bào)道，有20多個(gè)人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽車撞的時(shí)候，我碰巧在和他談話。
5) 不定式作定語：
不定式在句中作定語通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語：
①能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語，常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
我想成為一個(gè)教師的愿望是可以理解的。
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語，常見的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是很明顯的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我們欣賞他能把一門外語說得這么好。
③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)離開。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.
下一個(gè)出席會(huì)議的人是貝克先生。
④還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他沒有理由離開他的朋友獨(dú)自住到島上去。
⑤如果不定式和所修飾的名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的話，不定式動(dòng)詞是不及 物動(dòng)詞，則須加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支筆。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足夠的椅子給客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他們住在一座大房子里。
I want to buy a pen to write with. 我想買一支筆寫字用。
Please give me a knife to cat with. 請(qǐng)給我一把切東西的刀。
There is nothing for you to worry about. 沒有什么可讓你擔(dān)心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書可以挑選，但我不知道該借哪一本。
6) 不定式作狀語：
不定式作狀語可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。
① 不定式作目的狀語，有時(shí)也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽曬壞，媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。
注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作結(jié)果狀語，常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對(duì)我來說，這個(gè)問題很難回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他說他足夠聰明可以獨(dú)自應(yīng)付這件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請(qǐng)你幫我把收音機(jī)調(diào)低一點(diǎn)好嗎？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。
③不定式作原因狀語，通常用來修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見的形容詞有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他們很驚訝。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國的青年，我們感到很驕傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。這時(shí)候，作句子主語的除了是表示人的詞外，還可以是表示物的詞。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來很舒服。
注意：后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語或賓語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此時(shí)如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需要帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
3. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
不定式在使用時(shí)通常有自己的邏輯主語，一般可以是句子的主語或賓語，或者由物主代詞暗示出來。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他們計(jì)劃建造一個(gè)酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父親送他出國去學(xué)文學(xué)。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出國。
但有時(shí)需要明確表示出不定式的邏輯主語（即不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者），此時(shí)一般用for/of +名詞（代詞）短語+不定式來構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人們用電做飯是很昂貴的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤真是粗心。
2) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的語法作用
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語。
①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、賓語，通常用it 作形式主語或形式賓語來代替不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.
貨物很有必要用堅(jiān)固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他們認(rèn)為我們要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語、狀語、定語。如：
That’s for you to decide. 那個(gè)由你來決定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
為了能通過考試，學(xué)生們應(yīng)該比以往更認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書送給你讀。
4. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的疑難問題
1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則：
前面我們已經(jīng)談到，在一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to常常省略，下面還有幾種情況請(qǐng)大家注意：
① 動(dòng)詞原形come, go等在口語中可接不帶to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告訴他。
Come have a glass. 來喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑問句中，疑問詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not+動(dòng)詞原形。如：
Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢？
Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試？
③在had better（還是……最好）, had best（最好，頂好）, would rather（寧可，寧愿）, would rather…than（寧可……而不……）, would sooner（寧可，寧愿）, would sooner…than（寧可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not +動(dòng)詞原形。如：
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽一聽老師的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他寧愿擠公共汽車也不愿騎自行車。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一個(gè)人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來。
④作介詞but，except，besides等的賓語不定式，前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞to do，不定式符號(hào)to可省略。
I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep．
Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning．
They did nothing but watch TV last night．
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.
昨晚上我除了修理農(nóng)具外，沒有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認(rèn)輸。
如but 之前沒有do，其后的不定式則一般要加to。如：
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無選擇，只好乘出租車了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。
⑤在出現(xiàn)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，后面的不定式符號(hào)to可省略。如：
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說什么，該干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能幫我打電話給他，叫他下午兩點(diǎn)來開會(huì)？
但如果兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)比的意思，則不定式符號(hào)to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來夸你的，不是來罵你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艱難。
2. 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略問題：
上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語，下文中再遇到此動(dòng)詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，往往要省略動(dòng)詞不定式，但通常省略動(dòng)詞原形或短語而保留不定式符號(hào)to，一般有下面幾種情況：
①含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生嗎？
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你應(yīng)該去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必須走，但你沒有必要。
②含有動(dòng)詞want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作賓語結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看長(zhǎng)城了嗎？
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話，你可以和他們一起去。
③含有動(dòng)詞如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做賓語補(bǔ)語或主語補(bǔ)語時(shí)：
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父親叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽車嗎？
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④對(duì)話的答語中含有形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表語結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一個(gè)忙嗎？
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意，但我現(xiàn)在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow?
明天下午來參加我的生日聚會(huì)好嗎？
---I’ll be glad to. 我很樂意。
3. 不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別： 動(dòng)詞不定式在句中究竟用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，有時(shí)比較復(fù)雜。主要有下面幾種情況：
①不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有開門的鑰匙嗎？
②不定式做后置定語，和被修飾名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式，不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后應(yīng)加相應(yīng)的介詞。
Do you have anything to say on this question? 針對(duì)這個(gè)問題你還有什么要說的嗎？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個(gè)合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)要加相應(yīng)的介詞。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 這魚很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 這把椅子坐起來很舒服。
④在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有許多事情要做。（表示某人必須做這工作）
注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義：
There is a lot of work to be done. （強(qiáng)調(diào)有許多事情必須做。）
There is nothing to be done. （強(qiáng)調(diào)出了某事，現(xiàn)在沒辦法解決。）
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法區(qū)別：
句型“It is +形容詞+for somebody+不定式”中的形容詞通常強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.
我們要在兩小時(shí)之內(nèi)完成工作是很難的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他們這么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容詞+of somebody+不定式”中的形容詞表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket
這個(gè)男孩真傻，一直往籃子里倒水。
5. 高中階段能接不定式的常見動(dòng)詞：
能接不定式作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：want（想要）, like（喜歡）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，討厭）, prefer（寧愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失敗）, plan（計(jì)劃）, refuse（拒絕）, ask（要求）,continue（繼續(xù)），manage（設(shè)法）, try（盡力）, offer（提供）, start（開始）, begin（開始）, forget（忘記）, remember（記得）, promise（答應(yīng)）, mean（打算）, pretend（假裝）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（嘗試，企圖）, decide（決定）, learn（學(xué)會(huì)）, desire（渴望，請(qǐng)求）, agree（同意）, care（關(guān)心，喜歡）, choose（選擇）, determine（下決心）, expect（期望）, afford（負(fù)擔(dān)得起，買得起）等。
能接不定式做補(bǔ)語的常見的動(dòng)詞有：感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have 等；還有一般的動(dòng)詞如advise（建議）, allow（允許）, ask, beg（乞求）, command（命令，指揮）, tell（告訴）, invite（邀請(qǐng)）, force（強(qiáng)迫）, oblige（強(qiáng)迫）, get（致使）, help（幫助）, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage（鼓勵(lì)）, persuade（說服）, permit（允許，許可）, remind（使想起，提醒）, request（請(qǐng)求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause（引起）等。
6. 高中階段常見的不定式短語：
高中階段常見的一些不定式短語可以作謂語，如：be able to do（能，會(huì)）, be about to do（即將做……）, used to do（過去常常……）, be glad to do（樂意做……）, would like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do應(yīng)該等。
高中階段還有一些不定式短語可以作狀語修飾整個(gè)句子，也可以稱它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。如：to tell you the truth（說老實(shí)話），to be frank（坦率地說）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（簡(jiǎn)言之）, to make a long story short（長(zhǎng)話短說）, to be exact（精確地說）, to say nothing of（姑且不說），to conclude（總而言之）, to be sure（誠然、固然）， to do him justice（說句對(duì)他公道的話）,so to speak（可以這么說、打個(gè)譬喻說）等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 說老實(shí)話，我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地說，我不同意你說的話。
–ing 形式
1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成
–ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表幾種形式（以do為例）：
主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
–ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加–ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. –ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
–ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式：
–ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是–ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)–ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，–ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他從來沒談起過他被記者采訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語)后，作賓語的–ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用
–ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等。
1)–ing分詞（短語）作主語：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，–ing分詞也作主語。
①為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實(shí)主語放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
②在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用–ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2) –ing分詞（短語）作表語：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。
3) –ing分詞作賓語：
①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
②–ing分詞作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎？
③–ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)）, insist on（堅(jiān)持）, think of（考慮，想到）, dream of（夢(mèng)想）, object to（反對(duì)，抗議）, hear of（聽說）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（從事于）, depend on（依靠，依賴）, thank…for（因……而道謝）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（獻(xiàn)身于）, set about（著手做）, be/get used to（習(xí)慣于）, be fond of（喜歡）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（對(duì)……厭煩）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（對(duì)……感興趣）, be ashamed of（對(duì)……感到羞愧）等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過去他常花很多時(shí)間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚？
另外，–ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
聽到這個(gè)消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來。
4) –ing分詞作定語：
①單個(gè)的–ing分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車
sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車 a sleeping child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚
the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②–ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰？
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語：
–ing分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①–ing分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。
②–ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂罚也荒馨堰@本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒睡著。
③–ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④–ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。
⑤–ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
注：-ing分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是整個(gè)句子的主語。
⑥“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。
6) -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語：
①–ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類句子也可變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)，–ing分詞可看成是主語補(bǔ)語。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們?cè)僖矝]有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
–ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了
6. 高中階段常見的能接-ing分詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
mind（介意）, suggest（建議）, enjoy（欣賞，）, admit（承認(rèn)）, appreciate（感激，欣賞）, avoid（避免）, delay（推遲）, dislike（不喜歡，厭惡）, escape（逃脫）, finish（完成）, forgive（寬恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（錯(cuò)過）, practise（訓(xùn)練）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, deny（拒絕，否認(rèn)）, consider（考慮）等。
7. -ing分詞的疑難問題
1) -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義：
①-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內(nèi)容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people.
真正的問題是了解人民的需要。
②–ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。
2) –ing分詞作定語的兩種不同含義：
①–ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字臺(tái) listening practice 聽力訓(xùn)練
②-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個(gè)動(dòng)人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動(dòng)人民
3) 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語，后接-ing分詞或名詞。如：
admit to（承認(rèn)）, contribute to（捐助、貢獻(xiàn)）, get down to（著手做）, give way to（讓位于），keep to （堅(jiān)持、遵守）, lead to （導(dǎo)致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（從事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、堅(jiān)持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、處理）, be used to （習(xí)慣于）, devote oneself to （獻(xiàn)身于）, be equal to （勝任的、等于）, be familiar to （為……熟悉）.
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語，如generally speaking（一般來說）, judging from…（根據(jù)……來判斷）, considering…（考慮到……）, talking of…（談到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語，也可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多么的窮，我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽音樂會(huì)。
過去分詞(–ed分詞)
1. 分詞的定義
動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞，是由動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用：
過去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。
1) 過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過去分詞做定語：
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號(hào)隔開。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。
3) 過去分詞做狀語：
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了，停止了爭(zhēng)吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭(zhēng)。
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句，有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞。如：
Given another chance, he will do better. 再給他一次機(jī)會(huì)，他會(huì)做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會(huì)變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4) 過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語：
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，用作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，過去分詞用作主語補(bǔ)語。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì)。
3.過去分詞的疑難問題
過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.
當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來這里時(shí)，他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
第二部分: 非謂語動(dòng)詞疑難問題詳解
一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞各種形式所表表示的時(shí)間概念：
(1) 如用“(to) do”，表該動(dòng)作是重復(fù)性的或?qū)⒁龅模纾?/p>
I often see him draw. 我經(jīng)常看見他畫畫。
He is said to come tomorrow. 據(jù)說他明天來。
(2) 如用“to be doing”，表該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：
I am excited to be performing on the stage. 在舞臺(tái)上表演我很激動(dòng)。
He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in .
老師進(jìn)來時(shí)他假裝在看書。
(3) 如用“to be done”，強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作是被執(zhí)行。
He was said to be sent to abroad. 據(jù)說他要被送出國。
(4) 如用“to have done”或“to have been done”，表該動(dòng)作已完成，如：
I'm sorry to have kept you so long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等了。
(5) 如用being done,則可表時(shí)三種意思。
A. 作主語，表被動(dòng)
Being admitted to Beijing University is my dream.
被北京大學(xué)錄取是我的夢(mèng)想。
B. 作賓語(在少數(shù)動(dòng)詞或介詞后) ，表被動(dòng)。
Do you mind being left alone at home? 你介意單獨(dú)一個(gè)人被留在家里嗎?
I’m worried about being left alone at home. 我擔(dān)心被單獨(dú)一個(gè)人留在家里。
C. 作定語，表被動(dòng)(正在被)
The building being built is a lab. 正在被建的大樓是實(shí)驗(yàn)大樓。
(6) having done 表示的時(shí)間在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間之前，且表主動(dòng)，常用作
句子的狀語。
Having finished his homework , he went out to play.
(7) having been done表示的時(shí)間在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間之前，且表被動(dòng)，常用
作句子的狀語。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. (SBⅢ P16)
二、 幾種非謂語動(dòng)詞用法比較：
一、句法功能比較
以動(dòng)詞make為例，把這四種非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中所作的成分總結(jié)如下：
make 主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 句法功能
一般式 進(jìn)行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 賓 表 定 狀 補(bǔ)
不定式 to write to be making to have made to be made to have been made √ √ √ √ √ √
–ing形式 making having made being made having been made √ √ √ √ √ √
過去分詞 made √ √ √ √
由上表可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式有和過去分詞在意義表達(dá)相交叉的區(qū)域，因此認(rèn)真區(qū)分它們?cè)谶@方面的用法對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解和表達(dá)英語是很有幫助的。
如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被動(dòng)，同時(shí)都可作定語，但它們?cè)谧鞫ㄕZ時(shí)，是有明顯區(qū)別的。如：
The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.
即將要建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children.
正在建設(shè)的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.
去年建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。
The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.
已經(jīng)建了兩年多的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而建的。
二、不定式和–ing形式作主語的區(qū)別
1、–ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身。而不定式則表示具體的第一次行為或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身，不過有時(shí)二者之間區(qū)別很小。如：
Reading English novels is really great fun. 讀英語小說真有趣。
To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.
今晚讀英語小說會(huì)花去我很多時(shí)間。
2、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)，而–ing形式作主語時(shí)較少使用形式主語，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主語。如：
It is hard to make him change his mind. 很難讓他改變主意。
It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教談話真有趣。
3、不定式作主語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子，必須用形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 已經(jīng)決定在我們學(xué)校建立一個(gè)足球俱樂部。
4、在口語中，用–ing形式作主語置于句首的情況要比不定式多。
5、疑問句中，一般多用–ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，而不用不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 我們提供幫助對(duì)你們很重要嗎？
6、在句型“There be no＋主語”中，習(xí)慣上常用–ing形式作主語，且不帶邏輯主語。如：
There is no parking around here. 這周圍不準(zhǔn)停車。
There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.)
無法知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
7、不定式、–ing形式作主語時(shí)可有自己的邏輯主語。不定式的邏輯主語通常是介詞for/of引導(dǎo)的名詞或賓語代詞；–ing形式的邏輯主語則常用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞。如：
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.
林肯說南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對(duì)的。
The students’ knowing English well helped them in learning French.
對(duì)英語了解很好的人學(xué)習(xí)法語會(huì)有很大幫助。
8、當(dāng)表語是–ing形式時(shí)，主語要用–ing形式，當(dāng)表語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式。如：
Saying is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。 To see is to believe.
三、不定式、–ing形式作表語的區(qū)別
1、表示一般的概念時(shí)，不定式與–ing形式可以互換。如：
What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 我最的就是看孩子玩耍。
2、表示具體的個(gè)別的動(dòng)作或有將來含義時(shí)，一般用不定式, 無抽象概念一般用–ing形式。如：
My wish is to become a famous pianist. 我的愿望就是成為一名著名的鋼琴家。
4、過去分詞作表語，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，分詞前可以加very等程度副詞，后面一般不用by引起的短語，時(shí)態(tài)概念不強(qiáng)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，時(shí)態(tài)概念較強(qiáng)。如：
The shop is closed. 商店關(guān)門了。 (分詞)
The door was closed by the wind. 門被風(fēng)吹上了。 (被動(dòng))
6、–ing形式作表語與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)形式相同。–ing形式作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說明正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.
我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (–ing形式)
I was teaching the children maths when you passed by.
你經(jīng)過時(shí)我正教孩子數(shù)學(xué)。 （進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）
四、不定式、–ing形式作賓語的區(qū)別
1、可用不定式作賓語，但不可用–ing形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞和能接–ing形式作賓語，但不能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞請(qǐng)參閱本章“不定式”部分和“–ing形式”部分。
2、跟不定式和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式及–ed分詞皆可且意義相差較大的動(dòng)詞，將在下面專門討論。
3、有些動(dòng)詞后可用“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作復(fù)合賓語，意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)賓語從句。使用這類結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不定式前不能再加引出的邏輯主語；不定式的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間概念上必須后于前面的動(dòng)詞，否則就應(yīng)用賓語從句。-ing形式無這種用法。能接這類復(fù)合賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。
Hearing the sad news, she didn’t know what to do. 聽到這則悲傷的消息，她不知如何做。
I couldn’t decide whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能決定是在這里再干一年還是換一個(gè)工作。
4、當(dāng)不定式、-ing形式作賓語，后面還有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，一般采用it作形式賓語，而把不定式或動(dòng)名詞放在補(bǔ)足語之后。如：
He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner.
被邀來參加晚宴我感覺是一種榮耀。
I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 幫助有困難的人是一種責(zé)任。
5、-ing形式常作介詞賓語，而不定式作but, except等少數(shù)介詞的賓語，但“疑問詞＋不定式”短語可作許多介詞的賓語。如：
I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼著與你見面。
I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance.
我沒法只好在家里又呆了一年，等著機(jī)會(huì)的到來。
We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team. 我們正討論該選誰。
6、當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、主語是物而不是人或后接感覺性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞start, begin后多用不定式作賓語。如：
I am starting to work on my essay next week. 我下周開始專攻我的論文。
The rain began to pour. 雨開始瓢潑般下了起來。
五、不定式、-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別
1、-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，更具描繪性。而不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語一般表示動(dòng)作的全過程，表明動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，或即將發(fā)生。如：
I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人每天都在我們商店附近走著。
I don’t often see him go to the cinema. 我不經(jīng)常看到他去看電影。
2、-ing形式或不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示它與賓語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語一般表示它與賓語之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系、完成狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作由別人來完成。如：
We heard her singing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱歌。 （主動(dòng)進(jìn)行）
We heard her often sing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱過歌。 （主動(dòng)完成）
We heard the song sung by her next door. 在隔壁我們聽見這首歌被他唱過.。（被動(dòng)完成）
We heard the song being sung next door. 我們聽見在隔壁有人正唱這首歌。 (被動(dòng)進(jìn)行)
3、在think, consider, find等動(dòng)詞后常用to be +adj.結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語，有時(shí)to be 可省略。
We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 我們都發(fā)現(xiàn)他既善良又誠實(shí)。
4、 過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而動(dòng)詞不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程。但現(xiàn)在的傾向是：在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示“意愿”的動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)語如果用的是不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，可省to be, 從而使語氣顯得更為毅然決然。如：
I don’t like such things (to be) discussed this way.
我不想這樣的事情以這種方式討論。
We all don’t want the land (to be) built on. 我們都不希望這片土地搞建筑。
六、不定式、-ing形式作定語的區(qū)別
1、不定式與分詞作定語是垢區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)上；不定式作定語通常指動(dòng)作；–ing形式作定語指正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過去分詞作定語指已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要寫。
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在桌子旁的那個(gè)人嗎？
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你讀過魯迅先生翻譯過的小說嗎？
2、過去分詞作定語時(shí)，常表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間早于謂語動(dòng)詞，或者沒有一定的時(shí)間性，只表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，有的只表示完成。如：
The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
去年建的這座立交橋花了12000美元。 (既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成)
I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
我不想聽見年輕人唱這種歌。 (只表示被動(dòng)，沒有一定的時(shí)間性)
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
所有落葉都清走了。 (表示完成，并沒有被動(dòng)意味)
4、-ing形式作后置定語則可表示：正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的行為（變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句要用進(jìn)行進(jìn)態(tài)）；現(xiàn)在（或當(dāng)時(shí)）的狀態(tài)（變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)）。如：
The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. 等著附近的那輛小汽車是福特車。
The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. 正在鋼琴上演奏的這首曲子聽起來很熟悉。
5、-ing形式的完成式一般不能后置定語，除非為非限制性的后置定語。如：
This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.
The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 討論多年的這個(gè)問題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了。
不可說成：
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
6、being＋adj.不能單獨(dú)用作后置定語
不能說： Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
應(yīng)為：Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.
任何勝任這項(xiàng)工作的人可以在這里簽名。
7、不定式作定語可以有自己的邏輯主語。如：
It is spring, the time for us to plant trees. 春天正是植樹的好季節(jié)。
七、不定式和 –ing形式作狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別
1、不定式作狀語通常表示目的或結(jié)果，表示目的時(shí)前面可用in order或so as，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。表示結(jié)果時(shí)常用于too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
I saved every cent in order to buy a car. 為了買車，我積攢著每一分錢。
The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 濕度很高足以使水變?yōu)樗魵狻?/p>
2、作原因狀語時(shí)，過去分詞與-ing形式被動(dòng)一般式可以互換。但還是單獨(dú)使用過去分詞的為多。如：
Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well.
這部小說寫得很好，很暢銷。
3、作方式或伴隨狀語時(shí)常用過去分詞，習(xí)慣上不用-ing形式被動(dòng)一般式即不用being done形式。如：
Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. 很多父母正在公園里走著，后面緊跟著自己的孩子。
4、作時(shí)間狀語用時(shí)，過去分詞如同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作完成，常可換用-ing形式的被動(dòng)完成式；過去分詞如果只表被動(dòng)，不表完成，則不可。如：
Read many times (=Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. 讀過多遍，這個(gè)故事似乎變得更容易了。 (表示被動(dòng)和完成)
Seen from on the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)顯得更加美麗。 (表被動(dòng))
5、與否定詞not連用時(shí)多用-ing形式。如：
Not being included, I have to find another chance. 我沒被錄用，只好再等。
6、使用-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，有一條原則必須遵守，即-ing形式的邏輯主語應(yīng)當(dāng)與句子的主語一致，否則句子就是不正確的或是不正規(guī)的語言。如：
【誤】Found him angry, I began to tell jokes.因?yàn)閒ound與I 在這個(gè)句子中不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)，應(yīng)為Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes.
【誤】Looking around, there was no one nearby. Look around 的邏輯主語不應(yīng)是no one，故本句不成立，就改為L(zhǎng)ooking around, I found there was no one nearby.
7、有些約定俗成的分詞或分詞短語作狀語，盡管它們與句子的主語不一致（即不存在主謂關(guān)系），也被認(rèn)為是正確的。這種分詞短語作狀語解釋整個(gè)句子。如：
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般說來，女孩子比男孩更喜歡文學(xué)。
Considering the weather, the sports meet will be put off. 考慮到天氣，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將會(huì)被推遲。
Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries. 從她的口音看，她準(zhǔn)來自阿拉伯國家。
三、 中學(xué)英語中能接幾種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的動(dòng)詞有：
1、能跟動(dòng)詞不定式或–ing形式，且意義差別不大的動(dòng)詞
① 動(dòng)詞like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用–ing形式；如指特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.
我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
② 動(dòng)詞begin, start后面，如表示有意識(shí)地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談?wù)撃遣侩娪啊?/p>
注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：
a. 當(dāng)start, begin本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當(dāng)start, begin后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個(gè)好辦法來解決這個(gè)問題。
c. 當(dāng)句子的主語是無生命的東西時(shí)。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開，天開始下雨了。
③ 動(dòng)詞consider 作“考慮”的意思時(shí)接–ing 形式，作“認(rèn)為”的意思時(shí)接 to be. 如：
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; the people had considered him to be a great leader, and a wise, kind and honest man. (SB1A P50)
Well, have you considered using the lab in your free class? I suggest you ask Mr Wu.
(SB1A P53)
2、跟不定式和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式皆可，但意義相差很大的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞常用的有：
① try：try to do sth. 盡力做難做的事；
try doing sth. 試著做某一件可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)某一結(jié)果的事。
He tried to stand up but failed. 他試圖站起來，但沒成功。
Let’s try telling him about the sad news. 咱們?cè)囍堰@個(gè)不幸的消息告訴他。
② regret：regret to do sth. 對(duì)馬上要做的事表示遺憾；
regret doing sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾或后悔。
I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. 我沒能聽他的講座真感到遺憾。
I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遺憾，告訴你我不能來了。
③ can’t help：can’t help doing sth.禁不住；
can’t help (to) do sth. 不能幫忙干…
I couldn’t help shaking with so few clothes on.
穿這么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。
I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能幫助打掃這里了。
④ mean：mean to do sth. 想做；
mean doing sth. 意味著。如：
Wasting time means killing life. 浪費(fèi)時(shí)光就意味著浪費(fèi)生命。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味著解放生產(chǎn)力。
⑤ forget：forget doing sth. 忘了已做過的事；
forget to do sth. 忘記將要做的事。如：
I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告訴過他。
Don’t forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.
別忘了明天早晨6點(diǎn)叫醒我。
⑥ go on：go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干未干完的事（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)）；
go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)干是一件事（強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的轉(zhuǎn)接）
The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.
那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。
The old man went on to play another song. 這個(gè)老人接著彈奏另一首曲子。
⑦ remember：remember doing sth. 指記著做過的事；
remember to do sth.記著要做事。如：
Please remember to come on time. 請(qǐng)記著按時(shí)來。
I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.
我仍記得第一次被帶到博物館的情景。
⑧ stop：stop to do sth. 停下正在做的動(dòng)作去做另一動(dòng)作；
stop doing sth. 停止做動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作。如：
We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下來休息了一會(huì)。
Don’t stop trying once again. 不要停止，再試一次。
⑨ 動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解且主語是物時(shí)，后面接-ing形式的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 這個(gè)房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。
Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.
你的試卷需要再檢查一遍。
⑩ 動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作賓語，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
Please permit me to say a few words. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話。
We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. 我們建議他們?cè)缙稹?/p>
3、能跟不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式或–ed形式，但意義相差很大的動(dòng)詞有：
① have：have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語必須省去to,
不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing形式作補(bǔ)語，分
詞動(dòng)作也由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.
我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間
有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：
a. 主語讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
后來，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。
b. 主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為。
He had his leg broken in the match last month. 他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他失去了一只眼睛。
② + 賓語 + to do 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。
get + 賓語 + doing 動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或進(jìn)行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系
I got him to help me when I did the repair. 我修理的時(shí)候讓他幫我。
Can you get the car moving? 你能讓車發(fā)動(dòng)起來嗎？
Get your work finished by noon. 在午飯之前把你的工作做完。
I want to get this film developed very soon. (SBⅡA P125)
③ + 賓語 + to do 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。
leave + 賓語 + doing 動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或進(jìn)行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Don’t leave the small child to take care of himself.
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. (SBⅢ P39)
Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him. (SBⅢ P45)
④ + 賓語 + (to be)
find + 賓語 + doing 動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或進(jìn)行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
We find him (to be) a clever boy.
The teacher found him dozing in class.
She found her wallet stolen.
Surprisingly, we found no villagers injured in the hurricane. (SBⅡA P65)
⑤ + 賓語 + do 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完整性。
see/ hear + 賓語 + doing 動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的某一點(diǎn)。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
I can see it fastened to a nail. (SBⅡB P15)
⑥ make + 賓語 + do 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出，賓語和補(bǔ)語之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
You’d better make your plan known to others, or you can’t make them carry out your plan.
第三部分: 非謂語動(dòng)詞的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略
一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞
近幾年的語法測(cè)試中非謂語動(dòng)詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項(xiàng)目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時(shí)又應(yīng)注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：
1、非謂語動(dòng)詞考查特點(diǎn)
1) 謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的判斷
對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)是謂語動(dòng)詞，只有D是非謂語動(dòng)詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語，則不用考慮時(shí)態(tài)的問題，答案自明。
2) 謂語動(dòng)詞后不定式與動(dòng)名詞的選擇
謂語動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是接動(dòng)名詞也是四級(jí)語法測(cè)試中的一個(gè)題眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. (1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. (1997.6)
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
這類題涉及三個(gè)方面：
謂語動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動(dòng)名詞？
即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別？
不定式與動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式還是用被動(dòng)形式？
3) 做定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇
從近幾年的考查情況來看，對(duì)做定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查有兩種情況：
(1)對(duì)一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover
1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I
were the one ______. (1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。
(2)對(duì)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the
new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①題為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動(dòng)詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。
4) 做狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇
做狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the
earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's
degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided
to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：
(1)狀語類別的判斷
不同的狀語對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非謂語動(dòng)詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系
根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。
(3)非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式
not否定非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)置于非謂語動(dòng)詞之前，如③。
(4) 獨(dú)立成分
有些非謂語動(dòng)詞的使用不受與句子主語關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇
做賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動(dòng)詞受謂語動(dòng)詞的限制，不同動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語形式要求不同。近幾年對(duì)各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _____.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches,
chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
regard類后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語
with獨(dú)立分句后面的
常用動(dòng)詞后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
6) 做表語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇
表語的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語形式的選擇，很少有動(dòng)名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not
all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分詞做表語可以做系動(dòng)詞be的表語，也可以做其它系動(dòng)詞的表語，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動(dòng)詞后非謂語動(dòng)詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。
7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號(hào)的選擇
to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導(dǎo)不定式，四級(jí)考試中對(duì)種類用法的考查也比較多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller,
more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)to do something 和 to doing something，這時(shí)考查的自然是to的性質(zhì)；另一種是to在題干中，如③。
8) 分詞前連詞的使用
分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況：
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用說明非謂語動(dòng)詞做時(shí)間狀語，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關(guān)系來看，應(yīng)該是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。
(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. (1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語，連詞應(yīng)該是as。
9) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的體
非謂語動(dòng)詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語的場(chǎng)合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語和做補(bǔ)足語。
不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個(gè)漸變過程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。