目標(biāo)導(dǎo)引
1.單元詞匯及短語
habit give advice advise make suggestions contain hurt have a fever a bit lie down examine base on be armful to build one’s body keep from be short of stay fit / healthy lose / gain weight
2.單元句型
I’ve got a pain here.
What’s wrong with Mike?
Which meal do you think is the most important?
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
3.單元語法
model verbs: had better ,ought to ,should
核心知識(shí)
同義詞辨析
1．a(chǎn)dvise, suggest
相同點(diǎn)：advise 和suggest 都可表示“建議”，that 后面都可以跟名詞，動(dòng)名詞，從句作賓語。
Eg.
I suggest (advise) a tour of the museum.
我提議參觀博物館。
I suggest (advise) taking a bath after the football practice.
我建議踢完足球后洗一個(gè)澡。
They suggested (advised) that Li Ming be sent to the south.
他們建議派李明去南方。
不同點(diǎn)：
advise 后可以接不定式賓補(bǔ)，成為advise sb.to do sth. 的搭配，suggest 則不可以。
eg. I advise you to put on more clothes today. 我建議你今天再穿上點(diǎn)衣服。
2．contain, include
相同點(diǎn)：contain, include 都要表示“包括”。
不同點(diǎn)：contain 側(cè)重包含的內(nèi)容或成分；include 側(cè)重范圍或整體。
contain 還作“能容納…，能裝入…”解。
eg. This classroom can contain 60 people. 這個(gè)教室能容納60人。
試題：The book ___________forty maps, __________three of great Britain.
A.contains; includes B.is containing; including
C.includes; contains D.contains; including
解析 contain 作“含有”講，不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。The book 中“含有40幅地圖”，側(cè)重的是內(nèi)容；又因?yàn)閕ncluding 為介詞，常位于句尾，所以答案為D。
答案 D
試題：用contain, include 填空：
1.This case___________soap.
2.The group_________two English scientists.
3.Sea water__________salt.
4.The price__________postage charge.
答案 1.contains 2. includes 3. contains 4.includes
3．a(chǎn) bit, a little; not a bi ,not a little
相同點(diǎn)：a bit / a little 作程度副詞時(shí)意義相同，都是表示“有點(diǎn)”或互換使用。
eg. My foot hurts a bit/ a little.
我的腳有一點(diǎn)痛
不同點(diǎn)：
(1)a bit / a little 作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，
a little 可直接修飾不可數(shù)名詞，而a bit 須與of 連用。
A little food 一點(diǎn)兒（少量）食物
A bit of food
(2)a bit / a little 用于否定句，意義完全不同。
Not a bit =not at all 一點(diǎn)也不
Not a little=very 很；非常
4．pain. ache. hurt
相同點(diǎn)：pain/ ache/ hurt 都可用來表示“疼痛”。
不同點(diǎn)：pain 常用作名詞，間或也可用作動(dòng)詞。
Ache 一般用作動(dòng)詞，作為名詞常出現(xiàn)在復(fù)合詞中，很少單獨(dú)使用。如：headache 頭痛，a stomachache 肚子痛，a toothache 牙痛。
Hurt 只能用作動(dòng)詞，指人體某一部位由于外界原因而感到痛，也可表示某一物體給人體某一部位帶來疼痛。
e.g.
My head aches/ hurts badly. =I have a bad headache. 我頭疼得很厲害。
I’m aching all over, 我渾身疼痛。
My shoes are so tight that my feet hurt.我的鞋太小，腳都痛了。（本句不說…my feet pain /ache.）
Does your leg still hurt?你的腿還疼嗎？
My new shoes hurt (me )穿著這雙新鞋，我的腳有點(diǎn)痛。
（不句不能說：My new shoes pain/ ache me.）
5．ought to ,should
1)ought to 與should 均是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意思是“應(yīng)該”，義務(wù)或可性，常可互換用。但ought 后接帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，should 則后接動(dòng)詞原形；ought to 比should 具有更強(qiáng)烈的道義，責(zé)任，法律或原則等意味，但語氣比must弱；should 指主觀上感到有責(zé)任或義務(wù)去做某事，語氣較婉轉(zhuǎn)。
Eg.
You ought to keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守諾言。
You should apologize to him .你應(yīng)該向他道歉。
1）ought to 的否定式是ought not to do sth. should 的否定式是should not to sth.
eg.
You ought not to drink too much, 你不該喝太多的酒。
You should not eat so greedily.你不該如此貪吃。
2）注意到ought to 的疑問式及其回答。
Eg.
(1)---Ought he to go ?他應(yīng)該去嗎？
--Yes, he ought (to )是的，他應(yīng)該去。
--No.he ,oughtn’t 不，他不該去。
(2)--They ought to do it. Oughtn’t they?他們應(yīng)該做那件事，不是嗎？
--Yes, they ought (to )是的，應(yīng)該。
--No,they oughtn’t ,不，不應(yīng)該。
1）ought to +have done
表示“本應(yīng)該做，而實(shí)際沒有做某事”，相當(dāng)于should +have done, 有時(shí)含有“責(zé)備”，“批評(píng)”等含義。
Eg.
I ought to / should have phoned you this morning, but I forgot.
我今天上午本應(yīng)該給你打電話，但我卻忘了。
Oughtn’t to have done 本不應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事，而事實(shí)上卻做了某事。
eg. You oughtn’t have stopped on the motor way.
你本不該在高速公路上停車的。
表示推論推測(cè)某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，含有說話人不能肯定其說法是否正確的含義。
（注意與must+ have done 作對(duì)比）
eg. If he had started at nine o’clock, he ought to have been in London by eleven o’clock.
如果他是九點(diǎn)出發(fā)的話，那他十一點(diǎn)鐘該到達(dá)倫敦了。
6.in future, in the future
(1)in future指“今后”，側(cè)重指從現(xiàn)在起以后的事情，相當(dāng)于from now on。如：
You must be careful with your homework in future.今后你必須仔細(xì)寫作業(yè)。
（2）in the future指“將來“，側(cè)重指在將來的某一時(shí)間。如：
No one knows what will happen in the future.沒人知道將來會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情。
7．instead, instead of
(1)instead是副詞，instead of 是介詞短語，表示“代替”的意義時(shí)，instead of 還含有“對(duì)比”的意思。如：
If you are busy, you may come another day instead. 如果你很忙，就改日再來吧。
Parents should give their child more advice instead of money. 父母應(yīng)當(dāng)給孩子更多的忠告，而不是金錢。
（2）instead of 表示“代替、頂替、而不是”的意思時(shí)，常和in place of 互換使用，其后常可用名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞。如：
If you have no time, I’ll go instead of you.如果你沒時(shí)間，我愿意替你去。
（3）有時(shí)候instead of 還能起連詞的作用，常譯為“反而、而不”。如：
This book is dull instead of interesting.這本書不但無趣，反倒枯燥無味。
8.spend, take和cost
(1)spend作“花費(fèi)”時(shí)，主語多為人。如：
They spend a lot of money on advertising. 他們?cè)趶V告上花了很多錢。
Would you spend 200 dollars on a new coat? 你愿意花二百美元買件新大衣嗎？
（2）take 多指花費(fèi)時(shí)間、精力。如：
The flight took us ten hours.這次飛行花了我們十小時(shí)。
It took her all afternoon to finish it. 她用了整個(gè)下午才完成這項(xiàng)工作。
（3）cost 主語多為物。如：
The new computer cost us over 1,000 dollars. 這臺(tái)新電腦花了我們1000多美元。
句子破驛站
(1)I’ve got a pain here.我這兒疼。
There is something wrong with my back/ my knee /my arm.
我的后背/膝蓋/手臂有點(diǎn)不舒服。
這是病人常用語，類似的句子還有：
1)I’v got a fever /cough /headache /toothache.
我發(fā)熱/咳嗽/頭痛/牙痛。
2) This place hurts, 我這兒痛。
3) I don’t feel well/ all right today. I feel bad /terrible /sick today. 我今天感到不舒服/難受。
4)There’s something wrong with my leg. 我的腿有點(diǎn)不對(duì)勁。
（2）What’s wrong with Mike?
What’s the matter with you ?
What’s the trouble with you ?
What happened to you ?
1)詢問對(duì)方“怎么了”可用上面句子表示表達(dá)，意思基本相同。
eg.What 's the matter with you?
你怎么啦 ？
2）What 在句中作主語：the matter 是表語，作“麻煩事”解，因此用在賓語從句中。
“What is /was the matter?”的語序不變。
Eg.
What’s the matter with Flora?
弗洛拉出什么事了？
He went up to see what the matter was. ×
He went up to see what was the matter . √
3)the matter 還經(jīng)常與anything, something, nothing 等連用。
Eg.
Is anything the matter ?出什么事了嗎？
He has something the matter with his feet 他的腳出了毛病。
（3）Which meal do you think is the most important?你認(rèn)為哪一餐最重要？
該句為“特殊疑問句+do you +think/believe/imagine/suppose/say +主語+動(dòng)詞？”構(gòu)的do you think 是插入語，后面是個(gè)賓語從句，要用陳述語序，而且這種句型不同于“Do you know./ask/tell+疑問詞+主語+動(dòng)詞？”句型。
Eg.
Who do you think has got the first prize?
你認(rèn)為誰獲得了第一名？
What do you suppose has been taken away?
你猜什么已經(jīng)被拿走？
Do you know who he is ?
你知道他是誰嗎？
試題：
1. came to see me ?
A.Who you think B.Do you think C.Who do you think D.Whom do you think
答案C
2.Which sentence is right?__________________
A.Who do you know she is ?
B.Do you know who she is ?
C.Who do you know is she ?
D.Do you know who is she ?
答案 B
（4）We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat ,對(duì)于吃什么，怎樣吃我們最好還是學(xué)會(huì)作出正確的選擇。
had 不可用have 替換，better 也無比較的意思。had better 后面跟不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，即跟動(dòng)詞原形，意指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚恢高^去。意思是“還是…好，”“最好還是。”
had better 的否定式為:had better not do sth. 或hadn’t better do sth.
had better 的疑問式為:Had you better do sth ?
had better 的省略式為：You’d better do sth.
(5)Because we have so much to choose from.因?yàn)槲覀冇心敲炊嗫梢詮闹刑暨x的食物。
【注】在該句不定式中的介詞from 不可省略。不定式與其所修飾的詞具有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，而且后面不可再有賓語；如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面要加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，同被修飾的詞構(gòu)成介賓關(guān)系。
eg.
They bought some cakes to eat. √
(eat some cakes )
He wants to hire a room to live ×
(不可說live a room )
改：He wants to hire a room in which to live.
(介詞+關(guān)系代詞+to +do)
to +do +介詞=關(guān)系代詞+to +do
eg.
He wants some books to amuse himself with
他想看些書，以自娛（消遺）
=He wants some books with which to amuse himself.
如果不定式所修飾的詞不達(dá)意是way 或place ,介詞可省略。
eg.
He has no way to go(by )他無路可走。
This is the best place to work (at) 這是最好的工作地方。
重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析
一、如何學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)
1.掌握被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式：be +過去分詞。注意其在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的形式。
2.使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況。
1)不需要指出動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，如：
It is reported that Iraq is at war. 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)伊拉克在交戰(zhàn)。
2)不知道或不知道確切的或已忘了動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，如：
The box was kept in the shade. 那盒子放在陰涼處了。
3)當(dāng)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為“人們”、“大家”等泛指的人時(shí)，如：
Many trees were cut down in the past. 過去人們砍了許多樹。
4)謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語間被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)。
3.不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：不及物動(dòng)詞和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：go, come,…, have(有), fit, hold(容納),pass, suit, own, belong to,…
4.主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的情形：
1)easy, difficult, fit, hard等形容詞后的不定式同主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。
The question is easy (difficult) to solve. 問題易（難）于解決。
The water is fit to drink. 水適合喝。
2)be worth doing 值得……
The book is worth reading. (不能用being read)書值得一讀。
3)主語+need(want, require)doing
The little boy needs looking after. 小男孩需要人照看。
The lecture hall needs cleaning. 報(bào)告廳需要打掃。
4)break, sell, build, burn, cook, cut, open, shut, wear, write等動(dòng)詞后接表示程度的副詞時(shí)，說明主語的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。
The books sell well. They have been sold out. 書賣得不錯(cuò)。都已賣完了。
5)“l(fā)ook, smell, sound, feel, taste + adj.” 連系動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
二、had better, ought to 和should的用法
(1)had better
最好……。這一表達(dá)方式含有“命令、勸告、建議”等意思，但語氣比ought to和should稍弱。在使用中常縮寫為 ’d better。其中的had并無時(shí)間的做文章，也無人稱和數(shù)的變化。其否定式一般把not加在had better之后。如：
You had better get some sleep. 你最好睡一會(huì)兒。
I think he had better look for another job. 我覺得他最好再找份工作。
You had better not say that. 你最好別那么說。
（2）ought to
否定:ought not to (oughtn’t to)
疑問：ought I/you/he to + 動(dòng)詞原形
① 應(yīng)該（指道義上有責(zé)任）
She ought to look after her children better. 她應(yīng)該把自己的孩子照顧得更好些。
He oughtn’t to have said that (but he did). 他就不該說那些話。
② 應(yīng)該（顯示所采取行動(dòng)的正確或明智）
Oughtn’t he/Ought he not to see a doctor? 他不該去看看醫(yī)生嗎？
③ 可能會(huì)，預(yù)料會(huì)做
Prices ought to come down soon. 價(jià)格大概很快會(huì)下跌。
They ought to win easily. 他們應(yīng)該很容易就能取勝。
（3）should
① 表義務(wù)
He should study harder. 他應(yīng)該更用功些。
I should have finished my work. 我本應(yīng)該做完我的工作。（實(shí)際上還沒做完）
② 表明顯的結(jié)果或合理的推論
It is five o’clock, the movie should begin soon. 已經(jīng)五點(diǎn)鐘了，電影應(yīng)該快開始了。
③ 疑問句中表示難以相信或不應(yīng)該之事
How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道？
④ 表示鄭重、客氣
I should say she is a beauty. 我認(rèn)為她真是一個(gè)美人。
I should think so. 我也這樣認(rèn)為。
（4）ought to 和 should 在意思上相近，但ought to 的語氣稍強(qiáng)。
口語交際
醫(yī)生和病人間的常用語
（一）醫(yī)生用語
1.What’s wrong (with you)?
=What’s the matter(with you)?
=What’s your trouble?
2.Is there anything wrong with you? 你怎么了？
3.Let me examine you. 我來給你檢查一下。
4.Does it hurt here? 這兒疼嗎？
5.Take it easy. It’s nothing serious.別著急，沒什么嚴(yán)重的。
6.You’d better have a good rest. 你最好休息一下。
7.Take this medicine three times a day. 這藥一天服三次。
8.Take 2 pills now and 2 more in 6 hours. 現(xiàn)在吃兩片，6小時(shí)后再吃兩片。
9.How long have you been like this? 你這樣有多久了？
10.Drink plenty of water and have a good rest in bed. 多喝水，躺在床上好好休息。
11.Better stay inside and take it easy. 最好呆在家時(shí)砂要著急。
12.Are you feeling any better now？現(xiàn)在你覺得好些了嗎？
13.I advise you to give up smoking and not to drink too much. 我建議你戒煙，別喝太多的酒。
14.You’ll have to have an X-ray /CT examination. 你得作一下經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)/CT 檢查。
15.You’ll have to have chemical examination. 你得作一下化驗(yàn)。
16.You need have an injection. 你需要打針。
17.You will be well/all right soon. 你很快就會(huì)好的。
（二）病人常用語
1.I have got a pain here. This place hurts. 我這兒痛。
2.There is something wrong with my back/leg/arm. 我的背/腿/胳膊有點(diǎn)不舒服。
3.I’ve got a cough/headache/toothache/stomachache/fever. 我咳嗽/頭痛/牙痛/胃痛/發(fā)燒。
4.I feel bad/terrible/sick today. I don’t feel well/all right today. 我今天感到不舒服。
5.I’m afraid I’ve got stomach/heart trouble. 恐怕我得了胃/心臟病。
6.Do I have to stay in hospital? 我必須得住院?jiǎn)幔?/p>
7.I’ve been in poor health all these days. 這些天我身體不佳。
8.I don’t feel like eating anything. 我不想吃東西。