Teaching aims
通過本課學(xué)習(xí)．讓學(xué)生了解加拿大人上如何使用英語的，并初步了解美國英語和加拿大英語的差別．同時，幫助學(xué)生掌握一些討論語言的日常交際用語．
Step 1 Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Ask the students the questions:
In which countries in the world do people speak English?
How many languages can you speak?
Which language is spoken by the largest number of people?
How are you getting along with your English study?
Do you often read and speak English?
Have ever met a foreigner and talked with him in English?
Please say something about the difference between American English and British English.
3. Show the students a map of Canada and get them to talk about this country.
T: As we know, in Canada there are two official languages, English and French. Also, Canada and the USA are neighbors. In your opinion, are there any differences between American English and Canadian English? Do the people in Canada speak English the same way as the people in the USA do?
Step 2 Presentation
1. Brief introduction
Show the students a picture and introduce the two characters in the dialogue by raising the following questions.
1) What can you see in the picture?
2) Do you know who this man is?
3) Is he American?
4) Do you know the girl’s name?
5) Can you guess what they are talking about?
2. General understanding
Let the students listen to the dialogue and listen the following questions:
1) Is an America accent quite different from a Canadian accent?
2) Do people have the same accent all over Canada?
3. Further understanding
1) Ask the students to read the dialogue silently and think about the question: which of the following does Dean talk about, grammar, vocabulary, spelling or pronunciation?
2) Get the students to tell whether the statements are right or wrong. Do Ex. 1.
Step 3 Practice
1. Let the students fill in the form below, using the follow questions as a guide.
American English Canadian English
Pronunciation
vocabulary
spelling
Questions:
1) Are there any many differences between them?
2) Do they sue any different words for the same meaning?
3) Are there any differences in pronunciation?
4) Do they use American or British English?
2. Let he students listen to the tape and repeat after it. Then get them to practise in pairs.
3. Ask the students to retell the dialogue with reference to Wb, Ex.2.
4. Get he students to practice the dialogue in pairs.
Step 4 Dialogue Production
1. Ask the students to work in groups of four and discuss the following questions:
Which is greater, the difference between British English and American English, or the difference between British English and Canadian English?
The difference is not so important, but understanding is more important.
2. Ask the students to make dialogues similar to the one in the textbook by using the phrases below:
Situation 1: You are talking about the English language with a person from England.
Situation 2: A foreigner who is visiting China wants to know the difference between Chinese and Japanese.
Step 5 language points
1. A lot of people can’t tell the difference between an American accent and a Canadian accent.
* tell the difference between A and B 說出……之間的區(qū)別
Betty and Alice are twin sisters. Can you tell the difference between them?
Who can tell the difference between the two phrases?
* tell A from B 把……和……區(qū)分開
We can’t tell the good apples from the bad ones.
You must try to tell the chickens from the ducks.
* tell a lie/lies 說謊, 撒謊
Don’t tell a lie! I can’t believe you.
He is always telling lies.
* tell/speak the truth 說實話
We should tell the truth.
* to tell the truth 老實說--- 用作插入語
To tell the truth, I don’t believe you.
* tell about 告訴關(guān)于……的事
I will tell about it later.
2. Generally speaking, newspapers follow the American way.
1) follow
* 遵循, 按照．．．．．．行事
Are you going to follow her advice?
Finally we decided to follow our teacher’s suggestion.
* 聽得懂， 明白 ＝ understand
Can you follow my argument?
The teacher spoke so fast that I can’t follow him.
We can’t follow what he said.
* 跟隨，跟著，＝ come, go have a place after
You go first and I will follow you.
They followed us for miles.
* 沿著．．．．．．而行，循著 ＝ go along , keep to
Follow the road until you get o a church; then turn to left.
2) generally speaking 一般地說
Generally speaking, the students from the countryside are working harder.
Frankly speaking, I don’t enjoy the performance.
Exactly speaking, they will arrive at 8:14 p.m.
3. 系動詞用法
可分爲(wèi)三類．第一類包括 be, seem, appear, remain, keep 等．表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)．第二類包括look, sound, taste, smell, fell 等．表示感覺． 第三類包括become, grow, get, go, turn等，表示變化．
Our bed bedroom looks very well.
His suggestion sounds all right.
She fell ill yesterday, but she is feeling much better now.
His French remains very weak.
The silk feels smooth.
The leaves have turned yellow.
The potatoes went bed in the soil.
4. way的一些用法
Is this the way you do it?
Canada is bigger than the USA and reaches nearly a quarter of the way ( distance ) round the earth.
In some ways ( points) the two countries are like each other, but in other ways, they are different.
Your work is still a long off satisfaction.
Look this way ( direction) please.
The crops look wonderful our way ( in our part of the country).
In the way, in a way, on the/one’s way, out of the way, by the way, by way of, find a way, lose one’s way, feel one’s way, fight one’s way, make one’s way, lead the way, make way of, push one’s way
Unit 7 Lesson 26
Step 1 Revision
1. Check the homework.
2. Revise the dialogue in Lesson 25.
3. Get the students to act out the dialogue.
Step 2 Presentation
1. Part 1. Put the students into groups to discuss the questions, and collect their answers.
2. Ask the students to read the passage quickly to find the answers.
Step 3 Reading
1. Go through Ex.1. Let the students too read the passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs.
2. Check their answers with the whole class.
Step 4 Language points
1. Canada is the second largest country in the world.
The Yellow River is the second longest river in the world.
Wang Wei is the tallest student in the world.
2. It is larger than America and reaches nearly a quarter of the way round the earth.
* reach = extend
The woods reach as far as the river.
The park reaches to the foot of the mountain.
The speaker’s voice didn’t reach to the back of the hall.
* reach = get to
We reached Beijing about half past ten.
* reach = stretch out the hand for sth.
Can you reach that apple on the tree?
* reach…for
Can you reach that book for your brother?
* reach (out) for
He reached out his hand for the book, but it was to far away.
He reached out for the dictionary.
The boy reached for the doorbell, but he was too short to reach.
3. French-speaking------spoken French
peace-loving
labor-saving
written English
written exercises
Only when you are in the English-speaking countries, can you improve your spoken English.
4. As in China, the weather is different from area to area.
* as in China = as it is the case in China
As in the last experiment, he again got the same result this time.
In 1939, as in 1994, there started a terrible killing of man.
As in your country, we grow wheat in the north, and rice in the south.
5. In the north, the winters are long and hard, with snow for six months of the year.
* hard---( 天氣，氣候) 酷烈的, 嚴(yán)寒的．
We had a hard winter last year.
Most crops dies from a hard frost.
Teak is a hard kind of wood.( not easily cut)
He found it hard to make up his mind. ( difficult)
Before liberation, the working people lived a hard life. ( unhappy )
In the north, the winters are long and hard. ( severe )
The stepmother is hard on the girl.(harsh)
Regular physical exercise soon made the boys hard.(strong)
The thief received a hard blow.
The students are working hard at English. ( with great efforts)
It was raining hard when we got home. (heavily)
He has lost his hard-earned money, (earned with great difficulty)
Please boil the eggs hard. ( solid)
The spy was following hard behind the thief. (closely)
* with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
He was fat, with thick glasses on.
It is his new house, with a lot of trees around it.
6. In the capital, the average of winter temperature is ―10℃, and in summer 21℃.
The average of 4,5 and 9 is 6.
Tom’s work at school is above average; Harry’s is below the average.
The average age of the girls in our class is 15.
What is the average temperature in your area this winter?
7. Plants grow well all the year round and the parks and gardens are famous for their flower.
* all the year round: in every month of the year
The grassland beyond this mountain has little rain all the year round.
The nurse sat by the patient all night long.
They had to work all day along.
* be famous for --- be famous as
Charlie Chaplin was famous for his silent film.
Hangzhou is famous for its beautiful West Lake.
The lake is famous as a place of interest.
He is famous as a singer.
1. The country has a great deal of coal, oil and natural gas, and these are all exploited for energy.
* exploit Vt. 利用= use; 開發(fā)=develop
We must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.
They tried every means to exploit the oil under the sea.
We must exploit our rich resources for the development of our country.
2. from… to
* 重復(fù)使用同一詞
from time to time from area to area
from door to door from place to place
from age to age from side to side
from generation to generation from shop to shop
from end to end
* 使用反義詞
from beginning to from west to east
from top to bottom from hand to mouth
* 使用同義詞
from bad to worse from very cheap to very expensive
Step4 Reading aloud
Play the tape for the students to listen and repeats.
Step 5 Word study
1. Part 3. Explain what the students have to do. Let the students work individually. Go through the answers at the end.
3. Part 4. Read the example first, then let the students do in pairs.
Step 6 Note making and discussion
Go through the instructions and check that the students know what they have to do. Get them to make their note individually, before comparing them.
Step 7 workbook
Step 8 Consolidation
Book closed. Get the students to retell the passage.
Homework
Read the passage again and again, trying to recite it. Revise the new words and expressions. Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Lesson 24
Step 1 Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Book closed. True or False.
Canada is the largest country in the world.
The country covers six time areas
The population is 125 million.
There are three official languages, English, French and German.
The warmest place in winter is in the east.
Canada has lots of forests.
Canada makes most of its electricity from coal.
Step 2 Preparations for reading
Part 1. Read the passage and answer the questions:
What are they called and where did they come from? ( Inuit, Asia )
Step 3 Reading
Ask the students to read the passage carefully and answer some questions.
Where do Inuit live now?
How did they travel?
What did they hunt?
What did they eat?
Step 4 Language points
1. In summer they hunted a type of deer and in winter built small round houses with blocks of snow.
* type n. 種類, 類型,樣式,典型. 表示比較具體的型號，模式或類型，界線比較分明．
--- What type of the tree?
--- It is a type of pine tree.
Men of his type are not to be trusted.
The book was printed in large typed.
* kind 種類．指具有相似的特點，但不如type那么具體，而是比較籠統(tǒng)、模糊的歸類。
We will overcome all kinds of difficulties.
They are different kinds of plants.
* sort 與kind可互換，只是sort有時帶有貶義。
I have never seen such sort of people.
How did you get this sort of idea into you r mind?
3. “ 例如” 的表示方法.
* for example 舉例說明, 插入語, 前后都要用逗好隔開，常用于典型例子.
A lot of people, for example, John, would rather have coffee.
*such as 用來引出所要列舉的事物，“諸如，例如”之義。未完。
At school we study many subjects, such as Chinese, English, mathematics and politics.
* and so on 表示列舉的事物未完， “等等”之義。
1． Struggle for / struggle against / struggle with
For two centuries the two countries struggled against each other to control this part.
They struggled for their motherland.
The old man struggled with Lei Feng.
4. be used for / be used as/ be used to do
The paper is used for newspaper.
Bamboo can be used for building.
The living-room was used as a laboratory.
The fork is used as a tool.
The fork is used to turn over the soil.
4. in al / at all/ after all/above all
* in all 總計，總共。= together
There are about 25,000 people attending the meeting.
In all, there are two hundred people present.
* at all 用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)及疑問結(jié)構(gòu)，加強語氣，“根本，全然” 之義。在肯定句中往往用否定的之義。
I don’t agree with you at all.
I was surprised at his coming at all.
* after all 畢竟，終竟；別忘了
He failed after all/
After all your birth is only two weeks away.
* above all 最重要的，首先。
We must work hard, but above all we must believe in ourselves.
5. the other day/some day/one day/another day
The other day I watched someone cleaning his car in the street.
You will pay for it some day.
One day, an old man was walking down the street.
We are going to visit the temple one day next month.
I will see you again another day.
6. be used as / be used for / be used to / used to
* be used as 被當(dāng)作…
The living-room was used as a laboratory.
The fork is used as a tool.
* be used for 被用于．．．方面
The paper is used for newspaper.
Bamboo can be used for building
* be used to 1) 被用來做; 2) 習(xí)慣于
The fork is used to turn over the soil.
She is used to the weather here now.
The students are used to getting up in the morning.
* used to 過去常常
They used to go to the river to have a swim.
* would 過去常常，但只表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作； used to 既可表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，也可表示過去經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)．
There used to be a church in front of our school.
Our school is not what it used to be.
7. remain 用法小結(jié)
* remain vi. 逗留，留下，剩下
He has to remain in the hospital until he was better.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
* remain link.v 仍然是，還是
He remained silent.
She remains unmarried.
Man remained a hunter for thousands of years.
8. lift語法小結(jié)
* lift n. 搭車，電梯
I hope that someone will offer me a lift home.
Can you give me a lift to the station?
Please take the lift to the earth floor?
* Vt. 舉起，抬起，（煙霧）消散
The box is too heavy for me to carry.
This piece of good luck lifted her spirits.
The fog began to lift.
9． 關(guān)于主謂一致.
１．主謂一致（一）
"一致"(CONCORD或AGREEMENT)指句子成分之間或詞語之間在語法形式上的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。主謂一致指主語和謂語動詞之間在"人稱"和"數(shù)"方面的一致關(guān)系，這又叫做"主--動一致"(SUBJECT--VERB CONCORD)。
指導(dǎo)原則
主語和隨后的動詞詞組(即謂語動詞)之間的一致關(guān)系對我們來說，掌握上往往有一定的困難，因為這種一致關(guān)系常為三種不同的原則所支配，即語法一致原則(GRAMMATICAL CONCORD)，意義一致原則(NOTIONAL CONCORD)和就近原則(PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY)。
1.語法一致
主語和謂語動詞之間的一致關(guān)系主要表現(xiàn)在"數(shù)"的形式上，即用作主語的名詞詞組中心詞和謂語動詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上的一致。如果名詞詞組中心詞是復(fù)數(shù)，動詞就該用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果名詞中心詞不是復(fù)數(shù)，而是單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，動詞便用單數(shù)形式。這種一致關(guān)系叫做"語法一致"。例如：
Both boys have their own merits.
Few students are really lazy.
Many people want to go.
Two girls were standing on the corner.
Each boy has his own book.
Every girl comes on time.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted.
2.意義一致
有時，主語和謂語動詞的一致關(guān)系并非取決于語法上的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，而是取決于主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)意義：比如有時主語在語法形式上并非復(fù)數(shù)，但有復(fù)數(shù)意義，隨后的動詞便用復(fù)數(shù)；反之，主語在語法形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而在意義上可視為單數(shù)，隨后的動詞也用單數(shù)。這種一致關(guān)系叫做意義一致 。例如：
The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
3.就近原則
有時，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定于最靠近它的詞語(主要指名詞)的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，這種一致關(guān)系所依據(jù)的原則叫做"就近原則"。例如：
Either my brothers or my father is coming.
Only one out of five were present.
No one except hi own supporters agree with him.
Neither Julia nor I am going.
以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱和游戲名稱
英語中有一些疾病名稱是以-s結(jié)尾的，如 arthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎)，bronchitis (支氣管炎)，rickets (軟骨病)，mumps (腮腺炎)，diabetes(糖尿病)等，這類名詞通常作單數(shù)用。例如：
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body.
Phlebitis(靜脈炎) is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
但也有一些疾病名稱既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：
Generally measles(麻疹) occurs in children.
Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm.
Rickets is /are caused by malnutrition.
表示游戲名稱的名詞通常作單數(shù)用。例如：
Darts is essentially a free and easy game.
Marbles is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.
但也有個別表示游戲名詞的名詞作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：
Cards are not allowed here.
當(dāng)darts, marbles等用于作這些游戲所用的鏢或彈子等意義時，其復(fù)數(shù)形式仍作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
Marbles vary in kind and quality.
以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱
某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如physics(物理學(xué))、mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))、mechanics(機械學(xué))、optics(光學(xué))、acoustics(聲學(xué))、politics(政治學(xué))、statistics(統(tǒng)計學(xué))、economics(經(jīng)濟學(xué))、linguistics(語言學(xué)）athlet-ics(體育學(xué))、tactics(兵法)等，通常作單數(shù)用。例如：
Physics is an important subject in middle schools.
Acoustics is the science of sound.
Mathematics is the study of numbers.
Tactics is an important study for the soldier.
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.
但若這類名詞表示"學(xué)科"以外的其他意義，便可作復(fù)數(shù)用：
My mathematics(運算能力) is/are rather shaky.
Athletics(體育運動) have been greatly promoted at this college.
The acoustics(音響效果) in the new concert hall are faultless.
The tactics(策略) employed in this campaign were above reproach(無可指責(zé)).
The economics(經(jīng)濟效率) of the project are still being considered.
以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱
某些以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱，如果是國名，如the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands等，盡管帶有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾，但系單一政治實體，故作單數(shù)用。例如：
The United States is a country of people with varied orgins.
In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953.
但若不是國名，而是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱、通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：
The West Indies,apart from the Bahamas,are commonly divided into two parts.The Himalayas（喜馬拉雅山脈) have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.
The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.
The Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉大瀑布) are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
但也有少數(shù)這類名詞作單、復(fù)數(shù)均可：
其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞
英語中有一些由兩個部分組成的物體名稱通常是以-s結(jié)尾，如scissors(剪子)，pincers(鉗子)，glasses(眼鏡），shorts(短褲)，trousers(褲子)，suspenders(吊褲帶)等。這一類名詞，如果不帶"一把"、"一副"、"一條"等單位詞而單獨使用，通常作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
The sugar-gongs are not in the sugar bowl.
Joe's new trousers are black and white.
如果帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如：
One pair of scissors isn't enough.
Two pairs of pliers,one large and one small,are missing from my tool box.
英語中還有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞，如archives(檔案),arms(武器),clothes(衣服),contents(內(nèi)容，目錄),eaves(屋檐),fireworks(煙火),goods(貨物), minutes(記錄),morals(道德，品行),remains(遺體),stairs(樓梯), suburbs (郊區(qū)),thanks(謝意),wages(工資)等，通常作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
The archives of this society are kept in the basement.
The contents of this book are most fascinating.
High wages often result in high prices.
His thanks were most profuse.
His whereabouts(行蹤) were/was known only to his personal staff.
The dramatics(舞臺藝術(shù)) of the performance were/was marvellous.
凡是由-ings結(jié)尾的名詞，如clippings(剪下來的東西),diggings(掘出的東西),earnings(收入),filings(銼屑),lodgings(租住的房屋),surroundings(環(huán)境),sweepings(掃攏的垃圾)等,通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：
The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.
The sweepings of the godown(倉庫) have been disposed of.
但也有例外，如tidings(消息)既可作復(fù)數(shù)，也可作單數(shù)用：
Good tidings have cheered them up.
The tidings has come a little too late.
還有一些以-s接的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如barracks(營房),headquarters(總部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(種類),works(工廠)等，隨后動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名稱是作單數(shù)，還是用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A barracks was stormed(襲擊) by the enemy troops.
Two barracks in the suburbs(郊外) have been surrounded.
A headquarters was set up to direct the operation(指揮作戰(zhàn)).
Their headquarters are in Paris.
The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms(訴諸武力).
All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.
但有少數(shù)這類的名詞作單數(shù)和作復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。例如：
What's the odds? (有什么要緊？相當(dāng)于What does it matter?)
The odds are against us.(我們成功的機會很小。相當(dāng)于We are not likely to succeed.)
又如remains用于"遺體"意義時，隨后的動詞通常作復(fù)數(shù)：
His remains lie in the churchyard.
The martyr's remains were buried at the foot of the hill.
但作"遺跡"或"剩余物"解釋時，可作復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)用：
Here is the remains of a temple.
The remains of the meal were/was fed to the dog.
以集體名詞作主語的主謂一致問題
集體名詞(COLLECTIVE NOUN),如government, committee, team, group等,在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，而在語法形式上是單數(shù)。以這類名詞做主語主謂一致問題往往在于對"語法一致"和"意義一致"兩種原則的選擇。這種選擇通常遵循以下原則：
通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞
通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞
既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞
a committee, etc of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞
1.通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞
有些集體名詞，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry(家禽),vermin(害蟲)等，通常作復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。例如：
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.
Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.
2.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞
有一些集體名詞，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise (商品)，通常作不可數(shù)名詞，隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
The merchandise has arrived undamaged.
All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
3.既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞
有一些集體名詞，如audience, committee，class(班級),crew（全體船員或機組人員), family, government, public(公眾)等，既可作單數(shù)，也可作復(fù)數(shù)用。如將各該名詞所表示的集體視為一個整體，則動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
The group (or platoon or squad) of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit.
That group (or platoon or squad) of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.
That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.
That herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
4.a committee, etc of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞
如果主語是由"a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞"構(gòu)成，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to udge this competition.It si meeting tomorrow.
The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm.
.主謂一致（二）
本部分闡述以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(COORDINATED SUBJECT)、以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組(NOUN PHRASE OF AMOUNT OR QUANTITY)做主語、以名詞性分句(NOMINAL CLAUSE) 作主語以及其他方面的主謂一致問題。
以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語的主謂一致問題
由and/both ...and連接的并列主語
由or/nor/either...or等連接的并列主語
以名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致問題
以名詞性wh-分句作主語
以what-分句做主語的SVC結(jié)構(gòu)
以非限定分句做主語
由and/both...and連接的并列主語
由and或both...and 連接的并列主語，如果意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year.
Both Pauline and her son Bob have gone fishing in Canada.
Rain, hail and wind have caused an estimated $22,000,000 damage to crops and livestock.
如果作主語的并列結(jié)構(gòu)不是指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，而是表示單數(shù)意義，則動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.
The hammer and sickle was flying from a tall flagpole.
The secretary and treasureer is absent.
有一些帶連詞and的省略結(jié)構(gòu)形似單數(shù)，而意義為復(fù)數(shù)，隨后的動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Good and bad taste are inculcated by example.
What I say and think are no business of yours.
在上述兩例中，good and bad taste = good taste and bad taste;
What I say and think = what say and what I think。
當(dāng)and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each, every ,或者many a 等限定詞時，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.
Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.
當(dāng)然，也有一些由and連接的并列主語，其單、復(fù)數(shù)意義不很明確，這就只能根據(jù)上下文判定。例如：
His younger brother and the subsequent editor of his collected papers was /were with him at his death-bed.
Your fairness and impartiality has/have been much appreciated.
由or/nor/either...or等連接的并列主語
由or, nor, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also連接的并列主語作主語，隨后的動詞形式通常按照“就近原則”處理。例如：
My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
Neither the Kansas players nor the coach was overconfident.
Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory.
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.
Have a question regarding Grammar, Vocabulary or some-thing else?
主語+as much as, etc
當(dāng)主語后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than等引導(dǎo)的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)時，隨后的動詞形式依主語本身的單數(shù)而定。例如:
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.
His brother rather than his parents is to blame.
My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.
Man, no less than the lower forms of life, is the product of the evolutionary process(進化過程).
主語+as well as, etc
當(dāng)主語后面跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，其后的動詞形式也取決于主語本身的形式。例如:
The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.
The father, as well as his sons, is going to enroll.
Bill, together with his sisters ,was hurt in the accident.
The truck along with all its contents was destroyed.
The barn, in addition to the house, was burned.
No one except two girls was late for dinner.
以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語主謂一致問題
英語中有一些表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組。數(shù)量概念分兩類一類是確定數(shù)量，如three months, five kilos, six quarts 等；另一類是非確定數(shù)量，如all of ...,some of...,none of...,enough of ...等。如果用這類名詞詞組作主語，往往產(chǎn)生主謂一致問題。
當(dāng)主語為表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，有以下幾條規(guī)則可資遵循。
a)如果數(shù)量概念被看作一個整體，動詞用單數(shù)；如果被看作組成該數(shù)量的一個個的個體，則動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
The treasurer thought that sixty-five dollars was not too much to ask.
Six months is too short a time, General Westmoreland warned.
Three miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.
Five hours is needed to complete the outline.
比較：
There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
b)如果作主語的名詞詞組由“分?jǐn)?shù)(或百分?jǐn)?shù))+of-詞組”構(gòu)成，其動詞形式依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。例如：
Two thirds of the swampland(沼澤地) has been reclaimed(開墾).
Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.
Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.
c)兩數(shù)相減或相除，動詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Forty minus fifteen (40-15) leaves twenty-five.
Forty divided by eight (40/8) is five.
Seven and five (7+5) makes/make twelve.
Five times eight (5+8) is /are forty.
d)如果主語由“one in /one out of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，在正式語體中，動詞用單數(shù)；在非正式語體中，動詞也可按“就近原則”用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
One in ten students has failed the exam.
One out of twenty was badly damaged.
比較：
One in ten students have failed the exam.
表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語
當(dāng)主語為表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，有以下幾條規(guī)則可資遵循。
a)如果主語是all of ...,some of ...,none of ...,half of ...,most of ...等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。例如：
Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player.
Most of the members were there.
All of the cargo was lost.
All of the crew were saved.
Some of the money has been stolen.
None but the best coffee is good enough.
None of my friends ever come(s) to see me.
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.
Half of the students are girls.
b)如果主語是由“l(fā)ots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名詞”構(gòu)成表示“許許多多”等概念時，隨后動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式也依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。例如：
Lots of food is going to waste.
lots of people are waiting outside.
Loads of milk has been distributed among the children.
Loads of apples have been picked.
Plenty of the sugar is imported from Cuba.
Plenty of the men are already here.
c)如果主語是由“a portion of ,a series of ,a pile of ,a panel of+名詞”構(gòu)成，不管名詞類別有何，動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
A substantial portion of the reports is missing.
A series of accidents has been reported.
Apile of logs was set beside the hearth(爐邊).
d)如果主語是由“a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名詞”構(gòu)成，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
There is a kind of rose in the garden, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
This kind of man annoys me.
即使of-詞組中的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，動詞仍用單數(shù)：
This kind/sort of apples is highly priced.
That type of men is dangerous.
但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定詞是these/those,同時，of-詞組中的名詞又是復(fù)數(shù)，則動詞用復(fù)數(shù)：
These kinds of men annoy me.
Those types/sorts of machines are up to date.
e)如果主語是由“many a+名詞”或“more than one +名詞”構(gòu)成，其意義雖屬多數(shù)，但隨后的動詞仍遵循“語法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。例如：
Many a man has done his duty.
More than one game was lost.
f)如果主語由“an average of / a majority of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，而且明確表示多數(shù)個體概念，隨后的動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果這類主語不表示多數(shù)個體概念，則動詞用單數(shù)。比較：
An average of 25 persons apply each month.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
A majority of the town's younger men are moving to the city.
A majority of three votes to one was recorded.
以名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致問題
以名詞性分句作主語，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)，但有時也會產(chǎn)生主謂一致問題，有以下規(guī)則可遵循：
1.以名詞性wh-分句作主語
由what, who, why, how, whether等wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
兩個由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事情，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.
2.以what-分句作主語的SVC結(jié)構(gòu)
在以what-分句作主語的SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主句補語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，主句謂語動詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
What was real to him were the details of his life.
如果what-分句本身明顯表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，比如what-分句的動詞和補語都是復(fù)數(shù)，那么主句動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
What are often regarded as poisonous fungi(毒菌子) are sometimes safely edible.
3.以非限定分句作主語
以非限定分句(主要是不定式和-ing分詞分句)作主語，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
Increasing their wages has raised the crew's morale.
以兩個由and連接的并列非限定分句作主語，如果指的是兩件事，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一件事，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
Reading Ibsen（閱讀易卜生劇本) and solving quadratic equation(解二次方程) are entirely different assignments.
關(guān)系分句中的主謂一致問題
關(guān)系分句(RELATIVE CLAUSE)中謂語動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式通常依關(guān)系代詞(RELATIVE PRONOUN)先行項(ANTECEDENT)的形式而定。這里特別要講以下在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”中，關(guān)系分句動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)問題。
在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句動詞通常依照語法一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Joan is one of those people who go out of thier way to be helpful.
I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy.
但有時為了強調(diào)one,這類結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系分句動詞也可采用單數(shù)形式，這種情況在英國英語中比較常見。例如：
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
My worthy Friend Sir Roger is one of those who is no only ar peace within himself,but beloved and esteemed by all about him.
如果在這類結(jié)構(gòu)之前有定冠詞the或者有the only 等限定詞和強調(diào)詞時，關(guān)系分句動詞形式依one而定，用單數(shù)。例如：
Selfishness is the one of her many faults which defears itself.
Keves is the only one of the players who has learned all the players.
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
分裂句中的主謂一致問題
在分裂句(SLEFT SENTENCE)中，that/who-分句的動詞形式通常依先行項而定。這里要特別講一下在“It is I/me+who/that-分句”中的動詞形式問題。
在“It is I+who-分句”中，who-分句動詞現(xiàn)在時在人稱和數(shù)的形式上應(yīng)與I保持一致。例如：It is I who am to blame.
但在非正式語體中，分裂句中心成分(FOCUS ELEMENT)可用賓格代詞me。知識，隨后的that-分句動詞通常用第三人稱單數(shù)例如：
It is me that is to blame.
It is me that was injured in the accident.
There are three toutes you can take.
There is a note left on the desk.
當(dāng)用作實義主語的名詞詞組是個并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(COORDINATE CONSTRUCTION)，只要第一個并列成分(COORDINATE ELEMENT)不是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞便可用單數(shù)。例如：
There's more grace and less carelessness.
(以上僅供參考)
１． 兩個或兩個以上做主語的單數(shù)名詞用and連接，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)．
Tom and Dick are good friends.
但若表示一個集合體時則用單數(shù)。
A singer and dancer was present at the party.
The worker and writer is talking to the students。
Bread and butter tastes good.
( a needle and thread, a horse and cart, a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty,
medical help and cure)
２． 用 and 連接的兩個名詞若被 no, each, every, many a 修飾，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
No bird and no beast is seen in the bare island.
Many a boy and many a girl has made such a funny experiment.
At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.
３． 主語后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，謂語應(yīng)于前面主語保持一致．
A professor, together with some students, was sent to help in the work.
No one but the teachers is allowed to use the room.
４． 兩個主語由not only…but also, or, either…or, neither…nor 等連接時，謂語動詞與第二個主語保持一致．
Either he or I am to go there.
Are either you or he going to attend the meeting?
５． 一些集合名詞做主語，如果看作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果指其中的成員，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)．但people, police, cattle等只能用復(fù)數(shù)．
My family is a big family.
My family are listening to the radio.
The police are trying to catch the thief.
６． 表示時間、重量、長度等名詞，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但作為一個整體看，謂語還是用單數(shù)。
Five minutes is enough.
One dollar and seventy eight cents is what she has.
7．a(chǎn)ll 作為主語，代表人物時，一般用作復(fù)數(shù)；代表整個事件或情況時，一般 看作單數(shù)。
All what I want is a good dictionary.
All were silent. 人人都緘口無言。萬籟俱寂。
All were out of danger.
8． 形容詞加定冠詞 the 表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
What a live the poor were living!
The young are happy to give their seats to the old.
9．Who, which, that 作定語從句的主語時，其謂語取決于先行詞。
Those who want to go should sign your names here.
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.
He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
Step 5 Language and practice
SB Page 40, Part3, Part4, Part5.
Step 6 Workbook
Do all the exercises.
Homework
Finish off all the exercises.
Revise the language in this unit.