.教學(xué)目的和要求
1.單詞和詞組
四會：march demand join in over and over again dream side by side
三會：housing citizen forbid peacefully put…in prison set an example minister separation marriage peaceful revolution liberate liberation act(n.) equally bill explode murder unfair speech make a speech content(n.) feeling clerk chairman admict tour textbook
二會：Birmingham Martin Luther King, Jr. Atlanta Georgia tennis educate Philadephia achieve Civil Rights Act bomb childhood Voting Rights Bill Rosa parks Alabama give in kennedy nationwide former brotherhood passport paperwork minority
II.重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)分析
⒈I was on the march.
march n. & v.
a)n.進(jìn)軍；行軍；進(jìn)行曲
①It was a long and difficult march. 這是一次又長又艱難的行軍。
②The band played a military march. 軍樂團(tuán)演奏了一首軍隊(duì)進(jìn)行曲。
b)v.行軍；行進(jìn)
They’re marched forty kilometres today. 他們今天行進(jìn)了四十公里。
詞組：on the march在行進(jìn)中；在進(jìn)行中
The army were on the march at 6 o’clock. 六點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)部隊(duì)在行軍。
⒉I join in the march and we were marching peacefully along and then the police came up. 我參加了這次大行軍，我們平平靜靜地向前走著，這里警察突然來了。
join意指“參加（某個(gè)團(tuán)體，組織等）”
My brother joined the army in 1985. 我哥哥是1985年參軍的。
I joined the League two years ago. 我是二年前入團(tuán)的。
表示參加某種活動更常用“join in”。
The whole school will join in the concert. 全校都將參加這次音樂會。
*join sb. in sth. “參加（某人）一起干（某事）”
Will you join us in a walk? 你愿意和我們一起散步嗎？
*join in與take part in都指“參加（某種活動）”，但join in多指參加正在進(jìn)行的活動，如參加競賽、娛樂、談話等，而take part in只指參加活動。
The leading group decided to tell all the workers to take part in the strike. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組決定通知所有的工人參加罷工。
⒊For years we’ve been demanding better housing and jobs. 多年來我們一直在要求改進(jìn)居住條件和增加工作機(jī)會。
demand
⑴n.要求
It’s impossible to satisfy all demands. 不可能滿足所有的要求。
⑵vt. 要求
She demanded to see the editor. 她要求見編輯。
⑶后接從句，用虛似語氣
I demand that one of you (should) go there at once. 我要求你們中有一人立即到那兒去。
⒋They hit us with their sticks over and over again and put some of us in prison. 他們用警棍反復(fù)打我們，并把我們中的一些人關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。
⑴over and over again一再；反復(fù)地
The teacher made us pronounce the same word over and over again. 老師讓我們反復(fù)念同一個(gè)詞。
Mother told me again and again not to be late for school. 媽媽一再叮囑我上學(xué)不要遲到。
⑵put sb. in (into) prison把……關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。常用被動式be put into prison。注意：prison前不加冠詞
The robber was put into prison. 這個(gè)搶劫犯被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。
Many blacks were arrested and put into prison. 許多黑人被捕，關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。
Lesson 74
⒈By doing this he set an example to the rest of the world. 他以此給世界其它地區(qū)樹立了榜樣。
句中的set an example to sb意為“給某人樹立一個(gè)榜樣”
①Tom worked hard and set a good example to his classmates. 湯姆學(xué)習(xí)努力，為他的同學(xué)們樹立了好的榜樣。
②take for example以……為例
Take my sister for example, she is an excellent singer. 以我姐姐為例，她是一位優(yōu)秀的歌唱演員。
③teach by example以身作則
In doing so, they are teaching by example.
④for example例如
A lot of people here, for example, John, would rather have coffee. 這里有許多人喜歡喝咖啡，例如約翰。
⒉He spent a lot of time talking and reading and delivered a paper round to earn some money. 他把大量的時(shí)間用來談話和讀書，為了賺錢，他還為一家報(bào)館送報(bào)。
①spend…(in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)……做某事
He spent much time correcting my grammar. 他花了很多時(shí)間改正我的語法。
He spends his whole life in looking after the poor. 他花了畢業(yè)精力照料窮人。
②round n.巡回；循環(huán)
a postman’s round郵遞員的一圈投遞值勤
The doctor’s round of visit to the homes of his patients. 醫(yī)生對病人的巡回探視會診
⒊There were separate sections for blacks in shops, restaurants, hospitals, buses and trains. 在商店，餐廳，醫(yī)院，公共汽車和火車上都有專為黑人設(shè)置的隔離區(qū)。
①section意為“區(qū)”、“地段”
In the middle of the town there is a business section. 在市中心有一個(gè)商業(yè)區(qū)。
②separate是形容詞，讀作[seprit]，意為“單獨(dú)的”“獨(dú)自的”
The children sleep in separate beds. 孩子們各睡各的床
I must have a separate room. 我要有一個(gè)單間
separate作動詞，讀作[sep&reit]意為“分隔”“把……分開來”
Let’s separate the good apples from the bad ones. 咱們把好蘋果與壞蘋果分開來。
⒋He believed that they could achieve their good by peaceful revolution, not by fighting and killing. 他認(rèn)為，可以通過和平革命達(dá)到社會變革的目的，而不通過戰(zhàn)爭和殺戮。
⑴①goal n.目的，目標(biāo) His goal is to be a doctor.
②（賽跑等）終點(diǎn)，（旅行）目的地 The goal of the space-men was Venus.
③（足球運(yùn)動的）球門，守門員 The goal-keeper for our team was Harry. 我們球隊(duì)的守門員是Harry。
⑵achieve v.
①取得，實(shí)現(xiàn)，完成，達(dá)到：adcieve the goal達(dá)到目標(biāo)
②取得……成績（或成就） I ‘ve achieved only half of what I hoped to do. 我只完成了一半我要做的事。
achievement n.
⒌If they wished to , they had to pass a reading test. 如果他們想要投票，就得通過閱讀測驗(yàn)。
if they wished to …=if they wished to vote…后面省略了動詞，只保留不定式符號，是為了避免重復(fù)。
E.g
You and do it if you wish to. 如果你想做這件事，那么你就做吧。
─Would you like to have a walk with me? 你想和我一起去散步嗎？
─Yes, I’d like to. 我想去。
⒍Once, a bomb exploded and destroyed his house. 有一次，一枚炸彈爆炸，毀了他家房屋。
explode v.
①vt. 使爆炸
He exploded a bomb. 我引爆了一顆炸彈。
②vi. 爆炸
The boiler exploded and many people were injured by the hot steam. 鍋爐爆炸，很多人被熱氣灼傷。
Lesson 75
⒈A group was formed to demand that the bus company should change its unfair practices and king was made president. 成立了一個(gè)組織，要求公共汽車公司改變這套不公平的做法，全被推舉為這個(gè)組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
句中的及物動詞demand作“要求”解，后跟賓詞從句，從句中的謂詞動詞要用“should+動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。
Mike came to my house and demanded that I (should) help him. 邁克到我家來，要求我?guī)兔Α?/p>
They demanded that the magager give them an immediate answer. 他們要求經(jīng)理立即答復(fù)他們。
⒉King called for black people not to give in but to continue the struggle. 金要求黑人不要妥協(xié)，而要繼續(xù)斗爭。
⑴call for要求，來找某人
They called for us to take a show of hands. 他們要求我們舉手表決。
I’ll call for you at 7 this evening. 今晚7點(diǎn)我來找你。
⑵give in讓步；妥協(xié)；投降
But in the end he gave in. 最后他讓步了。
⑶not…but… 不是…而是…
Not Tom but I am a college student. 不是湯姆而是我是一個(gè)大學(xué)生。
I saw not Tom bud Mary in the street this morning. 今天早上我在街上碰到的不是湯姆而是瑪麗。
⒊I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slowe owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我夢想有一天，在佐治亞的紅山上，昔日奴隸的兒子將能夠和昔日奴隸主的兒子坐在一起，共敘兄弟情誼。
⑴former adj. 從前的；昔日的
It was the former capital of Turkey. 那是土耳其從前的首都。
⑵brotherhood n. 兄弟般的關(guān)系
sisterhood n. 姐妹般關(guān)系
childhood n. 童年，幼年時(shí)代
boyhood / girlhood n. 少男時(shí)代；少女時(shí)代
⒋We needed a permit to go out after dark. 我們需要許可才能在天黑后出門。
permit n. & v.
⑴n. 許可，執(zhí)照，許可證
Do you have driving permit? 你有駕駛執(zhí)照嗎？
⑵v. 許可，準(zhǔn)許
We don’t permit smoking it the office. 辦公室里不允許抽煙。
Permit me to explain. 請?jiān)试S我解釋一下。
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
四會單詞和詞組：march , demand , join in , over and over again , dream , side by side , citizen , forbid , put … in prison , set an example , peaceful , bill , murder , unfair , speech , make a speech , clerk , chairman , admit , feeling
三會單詞和詞組：housing , minister , separation , marriage , revolution , liberate , liberation , equally , explode , content ( n .) , tour , textbook , tennis , educate , achieve , bomb , childhood , give in , passport , minority
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Asking the time and dates ( 問時(shí)間和日期 )
Some useful expressions ：
1 . What day is ( it ) today ?
2. What‘s the date today ?
3. Excuse me , what time is it by your watch ?
4 It’s Monday/Tuesday… It‘s January 10th .
交際示范：
( 1 )
A : It’s getting dark .
B : Yes . What time is it ( by your watch ) ? There‘s something wrong with my watch .
A : It’s a quarter to five .
B : Perhaps your watch is slow .
A : Oh , it has stopped . I must have forgotten to wind it last night . ( 我一定是昨晚忘記上弦了。 )
B : Well , let‘s ask Hellen over there .
A : Good idea .
B : Hellen , have you got the time ?
A : Yes , it’s half past six .
B : Is your watch right ? ( Does your watch keep good time ? )
C : Yes , it‘s half past six .
( 2 )
A : Hello , Wang Lin , I wonder if you’d be free next week .
B : I think so .
A : That‘s wonderful . I’ll be 20 years old next week . I‘d love you to come to my birthday party .
B : I’d like to . What date is that ?
A : It‘s May , 4th .
B : What day is that ?
A : It’s Tuesday .
B : Then what time will the party begin ?
A : At six sharp ( 六點(diǎn)整 ) in the evening . Will that be all right ?
B : Yes , it‘s very good . I’ll looking forward to it . And I wish you the best of luck .
A : Thanks . Oh , It‘s ten minutes to two . There’s little time left . I‘ll go to work . See you later .
B : See you later .
Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)
使用情態(tài)動詞要注意的問題
下面是同學(xué)們在使用情態(tài)動詞時(shí)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的問題，也是情態(tài)動詞中的難點(diǎn)，而且又是近來高考的熱點(diǎn)。
一、要注意一些同義、近義的情態(tài)動詞的區(qū)別
1 . 表示可能性的 can’t 與 may not 的區(qū)別。
can‘t 常常表示“不可能”、“一定不”，may not 表示“可能不、或許不”。很明顯，can’t 比 may not 語氣強(qiáng)，把握性大。如：
The man standing over there _____ be Jack . He‘s gone to Hong Kong .
A . mustn’t B . can‘t C . won’t D . may not
說話者既然知道“He‘s gone to Hong Kong”，那么對“The man 不是 Jack”一定滿有把握，故正確選項(xiàng)為 B。
2 . 表示“能夠”意義的 can 與 be able to 的區(qū)別。
凡表示“經(jīng)過努力、設(shè)法做成某事”時(shí)不用 can，須用 be able to。如：
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly , but everyone _____ get out . ( NMET97 )
A . had to B . would C . could D . was able to
句意為：大火彌漫整個(gè)旅館，但人位學(xué)是設(shè)法逃了出來。故正確選項(xiàng)為D。
3 . 表示“不能”意義的 can’t 與 mustn‘t 的區(qū)別。
can’t 表示“不能”，是指無能力；mustn‘t 表示“不能”則指的是“禁止，不允許”。在口語里，can’t 也可表示“禁止，不允許”，但語氣不如 mustn‘t 強(qiáng)。如：
( 1 ) 他年紀(jì)小，不能上學(xué)。
【 正 】He is so young that he can’t go to school .
( 2 ) 里邊正在開會，不能吵鬧。
【 正 】There‘s meeting inside . You mustn’t make any noise .
【 誤 】There is a meeting inside . You can‘t make any noise .
二、要注意幾個(gè)使用的特定范圍
1 . 表示推測時(shí)，can 不能用在肯定句中 ( 但 could 能 ) ；may 和 might 不能用在疑問句中。如：
( 1 ) Peter _____ come with us tonight , but he isn’t very sure yet . ( MET93 )
A . must B . may C . can D . will
句意為：Peter 有可能同我們一塊兒來，但還不肯定。正確選項(xiàng)為 B。
( 2 ) _____ it be a sunny day tomorrow?
A . Can B . May C . Shall D . Should
句意為：明天可能是睛天嗎?正確選項(xiàng)是 A。
2 . 作為情態(tài)動詞，need 和 dare 不能用在肯定句中 ( 條件狀語從句除外 ) �？隙ň渲校毎阉鼈冇米鲗�(shí)義動詞，后接帶 to 的不定式。如：
【 誤 】We need hold a meeting to discuss the matter .
【 正 】We need to hold a meeting to discuss the matter .
【 正 】If you need hold a meeting to discuss the matter , I‘ll give you a help .
3 . 在回答由 could 和 might 引起的表示請示的一般疑問句時(shí)，不能用 could 和 might ( 應(yīng)分別用 can 和 may ) 回答。如：
- Could I borrow your dictionary?
- Yes , of course you _____ . ( MET92 )
A . might B . will C . can D . could
正確選項(xiàng)為 C。
三、要注意一些“形意不一致”的現(xiàn)象
1 . 過去式 could 或 might 后接動詞原形可以表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)?( 不是對過去 ) 的推測。如：
I’m afraid it _____ snow tonight .
A . can B . should C . might D . must
2 . may ( not ) 和 can‘t 后接動詞的完成式，表示對過去 ( 不是對現(xiàn)在或?qū)?) 的推測。如：
- There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well .
- It _____ a comfortable journey .
A . can’t have been B . couldn‘t be C . mustn’t have been D . shouldn‘t be
四、要注意情態(tài)動詞的常用形式的反常使用。
1 . should 和 ought to 后接動詞原形，常表示“應(yīng)該……”；但也可用來表示推測，意為“想必會……”。如：
( 1 ) It’s nearly seven o‘clock . Jack _____ be here ar any moment . ( NMET95 )
A . must B . need C . should D . can
句意為：“快七點(diǎn)鐘了，想必杰克隨時(shí)會到的”。正確選項(xiàng)為 C。
( 2 ) - When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon .
- They _____ be ready by 12∶00 . ( NMET98 )
A . can B . should C . might D . need
句意為“ - 我什么時(shí)候來取像片呢?我可是明天下午需要這些像片。”“ - 像片想必會在 ( 明日中午 ) 十二點(diǎn)以前洗出的�！闭_選項(xiàng)為 B。情態(tài)動詞表示推測，語氣由強(qiáng)到弱的是：must ( 一定會 ) →ought to / should ( 想必會 ) →can / could ( 可能 ) →may / might ( 也許，或許 ) 。
2 . could 后接完成式常表示“ ( 過去 ) 可能……”，但也可用來表示責(zé)備語氣，意為 “過去 ) 本來能夠……， 而實(shí)際上卻未…… ”。如：
- We could have walked to the station ; it was so near .
- Yes . A taxi _____ at all necessary . ( NMET92 )
A . wasn’t B . hadn‘t been C . wouldn’t be D . won‘t be
該題雖是一道考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)的考題，但從“We could have walked to the station”可知，實(shí)際不是步行去火車站的。結(jié)合下句可知是坐了出租車去的，時(shí)間是過去，故正確答案是 A。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
Look 短語動詞歸納
1 . look after 照看，照顧，負(fù)責(zé)處理。
I can look after myself .
She’s been looking after the luggage .
2 . look at 看 ( 問題 ) ，看待。
That‘s the way I look at it .
He looks at a question from all sides .
3 . look back ( on ) 回顧，回想 ( 過去 ) 。
I like to look back on my high - school days .
If we look back , we realize the changes the war has made .
4 . look down on/upon 看不起，蔑視。
I wish you wouldn’t look down on this kind of work .
In her days women were looked down upon .
5 . look for 找尋，自找 ( 麻煩等。 )
I’ve been looking for you .
They‘re just looking for trouble .
6 . look forward to ( 跟名詞/動名詞 ) 盼望，希望。
They looked forward to seeing him again .
The children are looking forward to the New Year .
7 . look in 作短語時(shí)間的訪問/參觀， ( 順路 ) 到某處去一下。
I’ll look in this evening to see how he is .
I‘ll look in at the shop on my way home .
8 . look into 調(diào)查，了解，研究。
We’ll look into this matter together .
The police are looking into the records of the thieves .
9 . look on 旁觀，在旁邊看。
Two men are fighting We‘re looking on .
You work and we’ll look on .
10 . look on … as … 把……看作……。
He looks on her as a child .
I don‘t look on him as a good doctor .
11 . look out 當(dāng)心，注意，查出，找出。
If you don’t on him as a good doctor .
11 . look out 當(dāng)心，注意，查出，找出。
If you don‘t look out you’ll hurt yourself .
Look out ! There‘s a car coming .
I’ll look our a few foreign stamps for you .
12 . look out for 當(dāng)心，提防；留心找 ( 某物/某人 ) 。
Look out for snakes .
I‘m looking out for the mistakes .
13 . look over 翻閱，復(fù)習(xí)，查看，檢查，看一看。
She looking over her notes before the exam .
I’m going to look over a house that I‘m thinking of buying .
14 . look round 回頭看，審視，到處看看。
Don’t look round now but there‘s a police car following us .
We went to look round the town .
15 . look through 翻閱 ( 查看 ) ，讀 ( 看 ) 一遍。
The teacher looked through the student’s work .
He looked through the book and decided that he wouldn‘t like it .
16 . look up 查出，了解。
Look up the word in the dictionary .
I must look up the time of your train .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1. demand要求；需要
The workers demanded more money .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗(1) demand to do sth要求干…… 。不用demand sb to do 。但是，可以說：require / order / ask sb to do
(2) demand that + (should) 。
(3) sth + be required to do (不能用demanded )
(4) sth require / want / need + doing = sth require / want / need + ing
(5) make a demand for要求…… 。 in great demand大量需求。
They demanded that the equal rights (should) be given to everyone .
He demanded to be told everything that had happened .
2. forbid ( forbade / forbad , forbidden) 禁止；不許
Their teacher forbids them to watch TV .
Smoking is forbidden in public .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗(1) forbid sb to do禁止某人干……
(2) forbid + ing禁止干 …… 。I forbid your entering the room .
(3) forbid that sb (should) do …。I forbid that you (should) leave the room .
3. unfair不公平的，不公正的，不合理的
He is always saying that I’m unfair .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗注意unfair在句中時(shí)，后邊的反意疑問句仍用否定式。如：She is unfair , isn’t she ?
4. admit承認(rèn)
He admitted that he had been on the march . 他承認(rèn)他參加了游行。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗（1）注意admit的過去式和過去分詞形式的雙寫性。
(2) admit + ing承認(rèn)干了 ……
Will you admit having broken the window ? = Will you admit that you have broken the window ?
(3) sb be admitted as … 某人被接納為……。sb be admitted to / into接納到……。
Children under 18 are not admitted to the film .
How many students have been admitted to the school this year ?
5. usual , common , ordinary 的用法
〖點(diǎn)撥〗三者都可用來描述每天發(fā)生的事，或被大多數(shù)人接受為正常自然的而不是新奇的事件。
usual 意為“通常的，尋常的，通例的”，用于修飾經(jīng)常、固定或有一定的時(shí)間間隔重復(fù)發(fā)生的事，即有一定的規(guī)律性。
它可修飾符合自然規(guī)律的事物，也可修飾符合社會風(fēng)俗或個(gè)人習(xí)慣的事物，側(cè)重于一貫如此，遵循常規(guī)，并非新奇等含義。如：
Thunder is the usual sign of an approaching storm .
The following Thursday she went out at her usual time .
common 含有“平常，普通，常見，不足為奇”等意思，側(cè)重于缺少顯著或異常的特征，特別說明某物因司空見慣而普通。如：
Colds are common in winter .
A dog is one of the commonest pets .
This flower is common in spring .
ordinary 意為“正常的，通常的，平常的，普通的”，指由于與常規(guī)、習(xí)慣、一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或品質(zhì)相同而普通，無特別驚人的性質(zhì)。如：
He is an ordinary - looking man .
It was an early morning in summer . In the streets , sleepy - eyed people were moving quickly , heading towards their jobs . This was the beginning of another ordinary day in New York City . 一大早睡眼惺惺的人們匆匆趕路，前去上班，沒有任何異常的跡象，這又是紐約城一個(gè)平常的日子的開始。
6. while
while 可以用作連詞，也可以用作名詞。
1) while 作為從屬連詞，意為 “ 當(dāng)……時(shí)候 ” 時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。從句中的謂語動詞通常是持續(xù)性動詞。例如：
He can still breathe while his head is under water .
While ( we were ) walking along the river , we saw fish swimming about
in the water .
2) while 作為等立連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列分句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)分句在意義上形成鮮明的正
反對比。這時(shí) while 的意義近似于 but 。例如：
Jim is lazy while his sister is diligent .
We were busy here and there , while he had nothing to do .
Some products sell well , while others don’t . 有些產(chǎn)品很暢銷，而其它產(chǎn)品卻賣不出去。
3) while 作為從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，這時(shí) while 的意義相當(dāng)于 though 。
例如：
While (＝Though ) she respected the manager , she didn‘t like him .
While the operation on him was successful , he couldn’t get back to the former state of health . 4) while 作為名詞，可以表示 ( 一段 ) 時(shí)間。例如：
Please wait a while . ( a while ＝ a moment; a minute ) 請等一會。
The test will be carried out in a little while . ( a little while ＝ a short time )
I haven‘t seen you for a long while . ( for a long while ＝ for a long time )
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1. on the march在行軍中，在進(jìn)行，在游行
What happened on the march then ?
A new market economy is on the march .
2. be treated as = be regarded as , be considered as
3. join in參加（比賽，活動等）
Will you join us in a walk ?
She joined me in thanking you for your gift .
4. and then然后，接著
He went to Shanghai , and then HangZhou .
5. over and over again = over and over , again and again一再，反復(fù)
I’ve warned you , over and over again , not to do that .
6. put … in prison把 …… 投入監(jiān)獄
The man was put in prison for stealing a car .
注意：在該短語的prison前無冠詞。試比較：
He had been in prison for 20 years .
There is a prison in the city and there are about three thousands prisoners in the prison .
7. be in bad condition條件很差，情況不好
His health is in bad condition .
8. have (much) success取得（許多）成就
They have had great / much success in their research .
9. set / give an example to sb給某人樹立榜樣
Lei Feng set a good example to all of us .
set an example in doing在……樹立榜樣
10. have no rights to do沒有權(quán)利干某事
You have no right to read my letter .
11. at this time此刻，此時(shí)，就在這時(shí)。this time這一次。
12. on the east coast of在……的東海岸
A beautiful city lies on the coast of the sea .
13. force sb to do強(qiáng)迫某人干……
14. from then on = from that time on從那時(shí)起。from now on = from today on從今以后
15. make an enemy of使……成為敵人，引起 …… 的敵視
If you say that , you will make an enemy of her .
16. work as從當(dāng)，從事
He works as a bus driver .
17. send round派人送某物；分發(fā)；使傳閱
Please send the invitations round .
18. give in屈服、讓步、投降、交上
She refused to give in before the enemy .
19. for some time有一段時(shí)間。暫時(shí)，一會兒
20. separate … from把……和……分開
For us , love of our country cannot separated from love of our hometown .
21. set … free = give …freedom釋放
22. make a speech演講；講話
23. judge… by / from …根據(jù)……判斷
Judged by his words , he got angry .
24. far from遠(yuǎn)離，遠(yuǎn)非
He is far from well . 他一點(diǎn)也不健康。
25. side by side with = close together with并肩地；緊挨地
26. by now = by this time到這時(shí)，到現(xiàn)在，迄今
He has worked there a long time by now .
27. stop … from + ing = prevent sb from +ing阻止干……
28. huge numbers of = numbers of為數(shù)不少的，很多的
Huge numbers of people came from all over the country .
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1. The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child . 用于每個(gè)黑人兒童的教育經(jīng)費(fèi)，只有每個(gè)白人兒童的四分之一。
〖明晰〗（1）spent on educating a black child和spent on each white child都是過去分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于兩個(gè)定語從句，分別修飾先行詞money和that 。
(2) 句中的that是代詞，代替前面提到的the money 。代詞that可用來代替前面提到的事物（單數(shù)名詞或者不可數(shù)名詞），以避免重復(fù)這個(gè)名詞，但必須是這一名詞在第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)有后置定語。如：
Their cotton output (產(chǎn)量) of 1999 was double that of 1998 .
The sweater he wears today is different from that he wore yesterday .
The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar .
(3) 如果前面提到的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，后面就用those來代替。如：
The recorders we made this year are better than those we made last year .
(4) 替代詞that和one都可以代替前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞，但that用于特指，相當(dāng)于“the + 名詞”。one用于泛指，相當(dāng)于“a / an + 名詞”。one的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones 。that只能代替事物，不能代替人。one可以代替人或者事物。that不能有前置修飾語，但可有后置修飾語；one一般可有前置修飾語，也可以有后置修飾語。請同學(xué)們仔細(xì)觀察下列各句：
Mary’s handwriting is far better than that of Peter .
The book is more difficult than those we have before .
I’m looking for a house . I’d really like one with a garden .
The blue car looks nicer than the red one .
2. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character .
【妙文賞析】
I HAVE A DREAM我有一個(gè)夢想
──Martin Luther Jr. 馬丁路德金
…
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners, will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
我想有一天，在佐治亞的紅山上，昔日奴隸的兒子將能夠和昔日奴隸主的兒子坐在一起，共敘兄弟情誼。我夢想有一天，甚至連密西西比州這個(gè)缺乏正義、壓迫成風(fēng)的地方，也將變成自由和正義的綠洲。
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character, I have a dream today.
我夢想有一天，我的四個(gè)孩子將在一個(gè)不是以他們的膚色，而是以他們的品格優(yōu)劣來評價(jià)他們的國度里生活。我今天有一個(gè)夢想。
I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists , with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right down in Alabama our little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.
我夢想有一天，惡性種施歧視行為泛濫的阿拉巴馬州能夠有所轉(zhuǎn)變，盡管該州州長現(xiàn)在仍然滿口異議，反對聯(lián)邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩將能與白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，攜手并進(jìn)。今天我有一個(gè)夢想。
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low; the rough places will be made plain; and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope . With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
我夢想有一天，所有谷地會升高，所有山陵將夷平，崎嶇不平之地變?yōu)槠皆�，所有險(xiǎn)阻化為康莊大道，上帝的光輝顯現(xiàn)，讓所有人類一齊瞻仰。這就是我們的希望。這就是我?guī)Щ啬戏降男拍�。懷著這個(gè)信念，我們能夠把絕望的大山鑿成希望的磐石。懷著這個(gè)信念，我們能夠?qū)⑽覈N族不和的喧囂變?yōu)橐磺褠鄣臉氛�。懷著這個(gè)信念，我們能夠一同工作，一同祝祈禱，一同奮斗，一同入獄，一同為爭取自由而斗爭，因?yàn)槲覀冎牢覀兘K將得到自由。
This will be the day, when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning, “My country is of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing, Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrims‘ pride, from every mountain side, let freedom ring.” And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
在自由到來的那一天，上帝的所有兒女們將以新的含義高唱這支歌：“我的祖國，美麗的自由之鄉(xiāng)，我為您歌唱。您是父輩逝去的地方，您是最初移民的驕傲，讓自由之聲從每一座山巒響起來�！比绻绹莻ゴ蟮拿褡�，這一天一定會到來。
【思維體操】
表示動作的動詞本來可以在句中直接充當(dāng)謂語動詞，但英美卻偏愛用 “ 及物動詞 + 與動作動詞意義相當(dāng)?shù)拿~ ” 來取代這種單個(gè)的謂語動詞。如說 “ 演講 ” ，不用 speak , 而用 make a speech;說 “ 吸煙 ” ，不用 smoke，而用 have a smoke;說 “ 散步 ” 不用 walk , 而用 take a walk 。錢歌川先生說，這樣做， “ 洋味濃厚 ” 。也有人說這是為了更有效地強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的謂語部分，是為了更好地體現(xiàn) “ end - focus ( 末端中心 ) ” 的語義規(guī)則，并避免主語部分過長、謂語部分過短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)失衡現(xiàn)象。這類表達(dá)方式在中學(xué)課本中常�？梢砸姷健Ｈ纾�
store → make store ，smoke → have a smoke，breather → take a breath，draw → do drawing，explain → give an explanation to，promise → make a promise，use → make use of record → keep a record of，visit → pay a visit to，sit → take a seat，decide → make a decision bathe → take a bath，copy → make a copy of，affect → have an effect on，talk → give a talk
請口譯下列句子，并注意劃線的短語動詞：
1 . It’s likely that the manager will make a decision soon .
2 . He has made a copy of the agreement between him and the manager .
3 . Prof . Yuan Longping is giving a talk about the science of farming which he has developed .
4 . I think it will be necessary for me to pay you a visit and see where you live .
5 . On August 28 , 1963 King made a speech to thousands of black people . That speech immediately became world - famous .
6 . Take a deep breath and I‘ll time you .
7 . The squirrel is an animal which makes secret food stores for the winter .
8 . The athlete not only wants to keep his record of high jump , but also desires to break it .
9 . They make a promise that they will never quarrel with each other again .
10 . Radioactive matter is dangerous to work with because it has a bad effect on the blood .
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
whose 與 of which 的區(qū)別
我們經(jīng)�？梢钥吹揭龑�(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 whose 與 of which 相互替代。那么是不
是在任何情況下二者都可以互相替換呢 ? 它們之間的區(qū)別是什么 ?
〖思維〗1 . 形式不同。如：
The house _______ windows face south is our reading - room .
A . of which B . whose C . which D . its
此題正確答案是B，不能選擇A。選擇 of which 時(shí)應(yīng)在名詞前加上定冠詞 the，也就是說如果名詞前有 the 就只能用 of which。如果名詞前沒有冠詞，就用 whose。如上句題干改為：The house _______ the windows face south is our reading-room . 此題就只能選擇答案A而不能選擇B了。
2 . whose 即可以指人，又可以指物，而 of which 只能用來指物。如：
The boss in whose department looked down upon women .
The house whose roof was damaged now has been repaired .
上面第一句不可用 of which 來改寫，第二句可以。可寫成：The house of which the roof was damaged has now has been repaired .
3 . of which 除了可以表示所屬關(guān)系外，還可以用來表示整體的關(guān)系，而 whose 則不能。
He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant .
In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals , of which 12 were won by women .
第一句中的 of which 就可以用 whose 來代替。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子中 of 是用來表示所屬關(guān)系�？筛膶懗桑篐e borrowed a book whose author was a peasant。而第二句中的 of which 就不要用 whose 來替。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子中的 of 不是表示所屬關(guān)系，而是表示整體與部分的關(guān)系。
4 . 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句多用 whose，而很少用表示所屬關(guān)系的介詞 of 加上關(guān)系代詞 which。如：
There is a mysterious lake at the foot the hill , whose depth has never been
measured . 山腳下有個(gè)神秘的湖，其深度從未測量過。
如介詞 of 不表示所屬關(guān)系，而是用來表示整體與部分的關(guān)系。此時(shí)就經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句了。如；
There are 102 elements found in nature , of which most are metals .
The stories about the Long march , of which this is one example , are well written .
特殊的連系動詞
be 是最常見的連系動詞。除 be 之外，還有一些動詞，從表面上看像是地地道道的實(shí)義動詞，而實(shí)際上卻具有系動詞的某些特征。這些動詞后面也可以跟形容詞或名詞等作表語。 請比較下面兩例：
The sun is hot . 太陽很熱。
The sun shines hot . 太陽火辣辣地照著大地。
句中的 is 是連系動詞，不是實(shí)義動詞；句中的 shines 則為特殊連系動詞，本身具有實(shí)義，只是在譯成漢語時(shí)，它的詞義不一定直譯出來。
再比較下面兩例：
They are our friends .
They stand our friends .
句中的 are 是連系動詞；stand 是 “ 特殊連系動詞 ” ，有 “ 豎持不動搖，仍然是 ” 之意。
可見， “ 特殊連系動詞 ” 具有雙重性能，即連系動詞性能和實(shí)義動詞性能。
常見的 “ 特殊連系動詞 ” 可分為三類：
1. 表示 “ 變成某種狀態(tài) ” 意義的系動詞：become , come , fall , get , go , grow , make , prove , run , shine , turn , turn out , wear , work。例如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger .
This great prediction has come true .
One after another , the three of them fell asleep .
Please don’t get angry .
Xiang Lin‘s wife finally went mad .
You have grown so tall .
The instrument has proved most useful .
Their money was running short .
After the heated discussion many facts shone clear .
When she saw this , her face turned red .
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer .
The day turned out fine .
The cloth is wearing thin .
The button worked loose . 鈕扣松了。
2. 表示 “ 保持某種狀態(tài) ” 意義的系動詞：continue , die , go , hold , keep , lie , live , remain , rest , return , sit , stand , stay。例如：
I hope the weather will continue fine .
He went a child but returned a veteran worker .
The nation’s unemployment rate held steady at 9 . 8 percent in August .
Why do you keep silent ?
The thought lies heavy on his mind .
Liu Hulan lived a communist , and died a communist .
Little inconsequential items often loom large to invalids .
We must always remain modest and prudent .
We shouldn‘t rest satisfied with what we have achieved .
All the time she sat silent in the corner .
He stood 4 feet 9 inches . 他身高4英尺9英寸。
I still stand your friend .
The shop stays open till eight o’clock .
3. 表示 “ 自己感覺或令人感覺 ” 意義的系動詞：appear , feel , look . seem , smell , sound , taste。例如：
He didn‘t want to appear a fool .
This appears an exception to the rule mentioned above .
Silk feels smooth .
He feels uneasy .
He looks quiet strong .
He seems quite happy .
The dish tastes delicious .
The explanation sounds all right .
The meat tastes good .
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
請同學(xué)們仔細(xì)觀察下面每個(gè)句子，然后刪除多余的詞 （上）
1 . When they came to a forest , they suddenly heard of someone calling for help .
2 . A cat can quickly get itself out of the trouble .
3 . My daughter is only four years old . She can’t dress for herself .
4 . I didn‘t know the teacher was in here , otherwise I would have come earlier .
5 . Everyone shared in making the picnic be a success .
6 . You may talk to Dr Jack , who is in the charge of that operation .
7 .-We visited at the History Museum yesterday .
-How long did you stay there ?
8 . What films are they showing on in the cinema this week ?
9 . I hope you won’t forget that I have told you to buy ?
10 . Such a clever child as he can work out this maths problem .
11 . He said there would be a football match on next Sunday .
12 . He is so simple he will believe in anything you tell him .
13 . After he explaining us the difficult words in this lesson , the teacher asked us to read the text .
14 . By the last year , our hometown had been liberated for about 30 years .
15 . The girl was made to sing the song , but she made her sister to sing it for her .
16 . We listened , but no sound reached to us .
17 . They didn‘t set him free not until he was old and sick .
18 . Another a new school is now being built in mp city .
19 . Her pride , however , would not let her to do that .
20 . Man’s knowledge of space has been developed rapidly .
21 . The old man looked at healthy , but he felt sick .
22 . What a freezing weather it is !
23 . John had been saving money for years and at the last he was able to buy a car of his own .
24 .-Could you tell me the way to the post office ?
-Sorry , I‘m a stranger for myself .
-Thank you , all the same .
25 . Go and get your coat . It’s there where you left it .
答案與解析：1 . heard 后面去掉 of , 表示直接“聽到” 2 . out of the trouble 中去掉 the 3 . dress 后去掉 for , 直接加賓語 4 . in here 去掉 in 5 . 去掉 be 6 . in the charge of 去掉 the 7 . visited 為及物動詞，去掉 at 8 . 去掉 showing 后面的 on 9 . 去掉 what 前面的 that 10 . he is can 中的 is 多余 11 . next Sunday 前面不必加 on 12 . believe“相信某人的話”，去掉 in 13 . he 在 explaining 前多余 14 . By the last year 去掉 the 15 . 在 made her sister to sing 中去掉 to 16 . reached 為及物動詞，去掉 to 17 . 去掉 until 前面的 not 18 . 去掉 Another 后面的 a 19 . let her to do 中的 to 多余 20 . 去掉 been , has developed 不用被動 21 . look healthy 為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，去掉 at 22 . weather 為不可數(shù)名詞，去掉 a 23 . at the last 中的 the 多余 24 . 去掉 myself 前面的 for 25 . 去掉 there , where 引導(dǎo)表語從句
【創(chuàng)新園地】
請同學(xué)們用最近幾個(gè)單元的關(guān)鍵語言點(diǎn)進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換：
1. Twelve nurses make up this medical team .
This medical team are twelve nurses .
2. If our city is seen from the top of the mountain , it looks more beautiful .
from the top of the mountain , our city looks more beautiful .
3. He is likely to do it very well .
likely he will do it very well .
4. I continued to shout at her .
I at her .
5. He promised to come but hasn’t arrived yet .
He promised to come but hasn’t yet .
6. I have decided to do it .
I have to do it .
7. It happened that I had no money with me .
happened no money with me .
8. He likes to be alone .
He likes to be .
9. More and more people didn’t have their jobs .
More and more people were .
10. Go and see what those girls are busy with .
Go and see what those girls are .
11. He didn’t know what to do next .
He what to do next .
12. He decided to buy a new dictionary with the money he saved .
He buy a new dictionary with the money he saved .
13. I couldn’t persuade him to accept my gift .
I couldn’t persuade him my gift .
14. We went to the park not by bus ; we went there on foot .
We went to the park on foot by bus .
（請同學(xué)們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案：1. made up of 2. Seen 3. It , that 4. went on shouting 5. turned up 6. made up my mind 7. I , to have 8. on his own 9. out of work 10. up to 11. had no idea 12. was determined to 13. into accepting 14. instead of (或者用：rather than)