【知識點(diǎn)】
1，單詞和詞組
answering machine留言機(jī)
recorder留言機(jī)
tape recorder磁帶留言機(jī)
Progress(vt.)進(jìn)行
2，日常用語
Phone calls and messages
Hello. Is--in/there? Hello, this is--(speaking).
May/Could I speak to --? I'm sorry, she/he isn't here right now.
Hello, is that--? Hold on, please.
Hello, Who is that/it? Can I take a message (for you)?
Could you give her/him a message?
I called to ask/tell you/say that--
3，語法
復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分--表語；復(fù)習(xí)動詞不定式，動詞-ing形式和過去分詞作表語的用法。
【知識講解】
1，Once you have done this, you will quickly become a useful member of the team. 一旦你學(xué)會使用了，你就會很快地成為工作班子里有用的一員。
Once you have done this… 是承接上文來的，意思相當(dāng)于：Once you have learned how to use every piece of equipment….
once 是從屬連詞，作"一(旦)……就……"(from the moment that)解，連接一個表示時間的狀語從句。例如：
Once you show any fear, the dog will attack you.
你一顯出害怕的樣子，狗就會來咬你。
Once he said that, I know he was lying. 他一說那件事，我就知道他在撒謊。
She wouldn't change her mind once she made the decision.
她一旦作出決定就不會改變的。
once 還可以作副詞，作"一次"(one time)或"曾經(jīng)一度"(some time ago)解。例如：
I have been there once. 我到過那兒一次。
We go home once a week. 我們每周回家一次。
He once knew her, but they are no longer friends.
他曾經(jīng)認(rèn)識她，但是他們現(xiàn)在不再是朋友了。
Her father once worked in a car factory in Harbin.
她父親在哈爾濱一家汽車廠工作過。
2，It is better to ask for help at the beginning rather than to wait until a busy period when everyone is rushed off their feet. 最好在開始工作時就去請求幫助，而不要等到大家都忙得不可開交時再去找人幫忙。
1）rather than 而不是，與其……寧愿。這是一個連詞詞組，用來連接兩個并列的成分(如本句中連接兩個作主語的不定式短語 to ask for…和 to wait…)，表示在兩者中進(jìn)行選擇，意即"是A而不是B"，"要A而不要B"，"寧愿A而不愿B"等。例如：
John must go rather than Jack.
必須去的是約翰而不是杰克。(連接兩個名詞 John 和Jack)
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
這些鞋子穿起來很舒服，但并不漂亮。(連接兩個表語形容詞 comfortable和 pretty)
He'd prefer to come in August rather than in July.
他愿八月來，而不愿七月來。(連接兩個表示時間的介詞短語 in August和 in July)
I love swimming rather than skating.
我喜歡游泳，而不喜歡溜冰。(連接兩個 -ing 形式 swimming 和 skating)
I decide to write rather than (to) telephone.
我決定寫信而不打電話。(連接兩個不定式 to write 和 to telephone)
注意：當(dāng)連接兩個不定式時，rather than 后面的這個不定式可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，還可以用 -ing 形式。例如：
It's better to reply immediately rather than (to) wait till the weekend. (或rather than waiting till the weekend) 最好是立即回答，而不要等到周末。
We ought to check up, rather than just accept what he says. (或…accepting what he says) 我們應(yīng)該核實(shí)一下，而不是他說什么就信什么。
2)rush sb．off his feet 意思是"使忙得個不亦樂乎"，"使忙得不可開交"，常以被動形式出現(xiàn)(sb is rushed off his feet.)，用于非正式文體。例如：
We were so busy in the office today. I was rushed off my feet.
今天我們辦公室里真忙。我是忙得不可開交。
They're rushed off their feet with the sowing. 他們播種忙得個不亦樂乎。
3， What is more, this"information line"operates 24 hours a day. 再說，這條"問訊線路"是一天24小時工作的。
"What is more"是一種固定表達(dá)，作"再說"、"而且"、"更有甚者"解，在句中作插入語，表不除了上文所說的情況外還有進(jìn)一步的情況。例如：
He came home after midnight, and what's more, he was drunk.
他后半夜才回家，而且醉醺醺的。
----Why didn't you go and see Mr Johnson? 你為什么沒去看看約翰遜先生呢？
----Because it was raining hard that day. And what's more, I didn't have his address with me. 因為那天下大雨，再說，我身邊又沒有他的地址。
4，It was important to carry out the work quickly, so an extra team of men were asked to work on the repairs one evening. 加快完成這項工作很重要。因此，有一天晚上要求多派了一隊人來搞維修工作。
work on 是短語動詞，作"從事(某工作)"、"致力于"解，可以有多種譯法。這個短語動詞中的on是介詞，后跟名詞、代詞或 - ing 形式。例如：
They are working on a report of the experiment. 他們在寫一份實(shí)驗報告。
We worked on this day and night. 我們?nèi)杖找挂苟荚趶氖逻@項工作。
He is still working on inventing a new type of machine for office work. 他仍在致力于發(fā)明一種辦公用的新式機(jī)器。
Many people in China are working on a"Project Hope", helping poor children to go to school. 中國有許多人正在從事一項"希望工程"，幫助窮苦孩子上學(xué)。
work on 也可以作"繼續(xù)工作"(work continuously)解，其中的 on是副詞，表示"繼續(xù)地"。如 walk on(繼續(xù)走)， stay on(繼續(xù)逗留)，talk on(繼續(xù)談話)等。例如：
I'll have to work on till the report is ready. It is needed for tomorrow's meeting. 我不得不繼續(xù)工作，直到把報告寫好為止。這篇報告明天會議上要用的。
5，There had been fuel on the ship, but this did not appear to have caused the fire, and little smoke was produced. 船上有一些燃料，但看來并不是燃料引起火災(zāi)的，而且?guī)缀鯖]有產(chǎn)生煙。
1)There had been fuel…，謂語動詞用了過去完成時態(tài)，這是因為上文的時態(tài)用了一般過去時的緣故。… they at once started to look for causes of the fire. They were puzzled by…。這說明在消防隊員尋找失火原因之前(過去)，船上就已經(jīng)有了燃料(過去的過去)。
2)… but this didn't appear to have caused the fire…句中 appear作"似乎"、"顯得"解，后跟不定式的完成式，這表示不定式的動作是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的。如果將原句作如下改寫，則可以看出兩個動作的先后：
It seemed that this had not caused the fire. 又如：
She appeared to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 她似乎已經(jīng)聽到這件事了。
He didn't appear to have fixed up the pipe. (It seemed that he hadn't fixed up the pipe.) 看來他并沒有把管子安裝好。
6，It must have been a gas that could burn but that would not explode, a gas that did not smell strong, and a gas that did not kill people. 這準(zhǔn)是一種能夠燃燒但不會爆炸的氣體，一種氣味不大又不傷人的氣體。
1)這是一個復(fù)合句。主句是 It must have been a gas。這是一個"主系表"結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是三個 a gas，后面都跟著由關(guān)系代詞 that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
2)句中must用來表示推論或揣測，作"一定是"、"準(zhǔn)是"、"想必"解。must后跟不定式的完成式(must have + 過去分詞)表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的揣測。例如：
The house was burned down. There must have been some cause.
房子燒了，準(zhǔn)是有什么原因。
Jim kept crying last night. He must have had some problem.
吉姆昨晚哭個不停，他準(zhǔn)是有什么問題。
Miss Black didn't come yesterday. She must have been ill.
布萊克小姐昨天沒有來，想必她病了。
【語法】
1，動詞不定式，動詞-ing形式和過去分詞作表語的用法，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1）不定式作表語有時可以省略to;
2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主動和進(jìn)行；
3）過去分詞作表語表示完成和被動。
例如：
The machines seems to have been used already. Can you find me a new one?
The tap is broken. Can you go to the stores and get another one?
The difficulty is finding people with the right education.
The only answer for us is to mark all the supply lines in the port clearly.
It only remains for me to thank the whole team for their hard work.
All I could do was call for help.
2, 常用系動詞分類
（1） 純系動詞：be, become, seem等。
（2） 兼實(shí)義動詞的系動詞
（a） 感官動詞：look, feel, smell, taste, sound等。
（b） 表示"變"：get, grow, turn, go ,run等。
（c） 實(shí)義詞詞義基本沒有變化的：stay, lie, stand, fall, prove等。
3, 情態(tài)動詞與實(shí)義動詞的區(qū)別
構(gòu)成否定句，疑問句是否需要助動詞
是否有單數(shù)第三人稱詞尾
其后接帶to 不定式還是接不帶to 不定式
情態(tài)動詞
×
×
不帶to
實(shí)義動詞
√
√
帶to
注意：1．have to 結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成否定式、疑問式時，需要助動詞。
2．have to, ought to 中的to 不能省略，且直接接原形動詞。
3．don't have (to) do 結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號to 可以省略。
【名詞動詞轉(zhuǎn)換總結(jié)】
名 詞 動 詞
charge 費(fèi)用，價錢 收費(fèi)，索價
chat 聊天，閑談 聊天，閑談
copy 抄本，復(fù)印件 抄寫，復(fù)印
delay 推遲，耽擱 推遲，耽擱
design 設(shè)計，圖案 設(shè)計
doubt 懷疑，疑惑 懷疑，疑惑
dream 夢，夢想 做夢，夢想
escape 逃跑 逃跑
flood 洪水 淹沒，使泛濫
heat 熱，熱量 加熱，加溫
march 游行，行進(jìn) 前進(jìn)，行進(jìn)
order 訂單，訂貨 訂貨
paint 油漆 油漆
phone 電話 打電話
pin 別針 (用針)裝訂
praise 贊揚(yáng)，表揚(yáng) 贊揚(yáng)，表揚(yáng)
sort 種類，分類 整理，分類
taste 味道 品嘗
waste 浪費(fèi)，廢物 浪費(fèi)
【例題解析】
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., Did not include women players until 1912．
A．first playing B．to be first played
C．first played D．to be first playing
【答案】C
【解析】全句意思是"第一次奧林匹克運(yùn)動會是在公元前776年舉辦的，但是到公元1912年才有女運(yùn)動員參加"。奧運(yùn)會是被舉辦的，選擇表示被動的，所以選B和C。又因為776 B.C.（公元前 776年）是表示過去的時間狀語，而動詞不定式短語常表示將來的動作，所以應(yīng)選擇C。這里played是過去分詞，作定語，相當(dāng)于which was first played。
2． ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lose
【答案】C
【解析】句子意思是"沉思中，他差點(diǎn)撞上前面的汽車。"（be）lost in thought（想得出神）是固定搭配，另外，表達(dá)此意時，還可以有 lose oneself in thought。
3．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A．to eat not B．eating not
C．not to eat D．not eating
【答案】C
【解析】醫(yī)生告誡病人手術(shù)后不要吃油膩的食物。warn sb. （not）to do sth. 是常用句型，此句用被動語態(tài)，即：sb. is（was）warned（not）to do sth.。
4．Paul doesn't have to be made ______ . He always works hard.
A．learn B．to learn
C．learned D．learning
【答案】B
【解析】沒有必要督促保羅念書。他一直是很用功的。make sb.do意思為"迫使某人做"。該句是被動語態(tài)，不定式learn作主語補(bǔ)足語，應(yīng)加上to。
5．We agreed ______ here ,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met
【答案】C
【解析】我們約定在這兒見面，但她到現(xiàn)在還沒來。動詞agree只接不定式作賓語，不可以接動名詞作賓語。所以答案在C和D中選擇。不定式一般式 to meet表示動作發(fā)生在 agree之后或與 agree同時發(fā)生，而完成式 to have met則表示該動作發(fā)生在agree之前，與題意不符，故答案為C。