Teaching Goals
1. Talk about first aid and medicine.
2. Practice talking about what you should and should not do.
3. Learn to use the Subjunctive Mood (2).
4. Write a process paragraph.
Teaching times: Periods
The First Period
Teaching Aims:
1. Learn and master some useful words and phrases.
Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ Words Study
1. drown vi.﹠vt.
e.g. Do cats drown easily? (drown: die in water)
Cheers drowned his voice. (drown: sound be louder or stronger than… )
2. catch fire: begin to burn
be on fire: be burning
e.g. The house caught fire last night.
The house is on fire.
注：catch fire 強(qiáng)調(diào)著火的動(dòng)作，為瞬間動(dòng)詞詞組，不可和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用，無被動(dòng)形式；be on fire 表靜態(tài)，作表語或定語，可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。
Ex: The forest caught fire last week. It is still on fire.
復(fù)習(xí)：1). set fire to sth./ set sth. on fire
e.g. The robbers set fire to the bank after robbing.
2). play with fire
3). go through fire and water (for) 為…赴湯蹈火
4). be on fire for 對…充滿熱情
5). fire n. v. 著火，開槍，開除 (dismiss )
firework 煙火，煙火晚會(huì) fireplace 火爐 fireman/fire fighter 消防員 fire escape 太平梯
3. container n. 容器 contain vt.包含，容納 containment n. 包含
contain / include
e.g. The book contains 10 units.
The book doesn’t include Unit 11.
Six were killed, including the boy. (連那小孩在內(nèi)六人喪生。)
2. electrical adj. 電的，與電有關(guān)的 (of/ concerned with electricity)
electricity n.電流 electric adj. 發(fā)電的，使用電的 （using electrical power） electronic adj. 電子的
e.g. I want to buy an electric fan. （可不講）
This machine has an electrical fault. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器有電器故障。
5. upside n.上邊，上部 downside right side left side
upside-down adj/adv
1). 上下翻轉(zhuǎn)過來
e.g. hold a book upside-down 倒拿著書
2). <口>亂七八糟的，毫無條理的
e.g. He has an upside-down way of doing things. 他做事毫無條理。
Burglars had turned the house upside-down.. 竊賊把房子翻得亂七八糟。
6. witness
1). V. e.g. We were witnessing the most important scientific development of the century.
我們親眼目睹了本世紀(jì)最重要的科學(xué)進(jìn)展。（目睹）
The girl witnessed to the truth of the statement. witness to sth.
那女孩證明那些言語屬實(shí)。（作證）
2). N. e.g. I was a witness to their quarrel. (目擊者)
The witness was questioned again and again. (證人)
7. keep in mind
keep/ bear/ have sth in mind: remember sth
e.g. She doesn’t seem to keep the matter in mind.
相關(guān)短語：
change one’s mind
e.g. Nothing will make me change my mind.
make up one’s mind
e.g. I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor.
keep in touch with
e.g. I keep in touch with my friend by internet.
keep in with 和…保持友誼
e.g. She still keeps in with her former husband.
8. calm calmly adv. calmness n.
1). adj.
e.g. It is important to keep/ stay calm in an emergency.
2). n.
e.g. the calm before the storm
3). v. calm sb. (down)
e.g. Just calm down a bit! 你先靜一靜。
Have a brandy(白蘭地)---- it’ll help to calm you down.
9. panic panicky adj.
1). n. e.g. I got into a panic when I found the door was locked.
2). v. (panicked, panicked) e.g. The gunfire panicked the horse.
10. response n. respond v. respondent n. (law) 被告，（尤指離婚案件） 注：responsibility
e.g. She made no response. 她沒有回答。
Her cries for help met with no/some/litter… response. 她那求救的呼聲沒有激起任何/激起一些/沒有激起什么…反映。
11. conscious adj. consciously adv. consciousness n. 知覺
e.g. She spoke to us in her conscious moments. Conscious: 清醒
He was conscious of being watched/ that he is being watched. (be conscious of sth./ that…) 察覺的
他察覺有人在監(jiān)視他。
I had to make a conscious effort not to be rude to him. Conscious: 蓄意的
我得刻意約束自己不要對他粗魯。
Try to make the workers more politically conscious. Conscious: 對所提到的事物具有深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)興趣
努力提高工人的政治覺悟。
12. tip v.
1). tip n. 尖端，小部分，小物件 v. 給某物裝上尖頭，置于某物頂端
(have sth.) on the tip of one’s tongue
the tip of the iceberg 重要情況，重大問題等顯露出的小部分
e.g. His name is on t he tip of my tongue, but I just can’t think of.
The legs of the table were tipped with rubber. 桌子腿裝上了橡皮頭。
2). tip v. (tipped tipped)
e.g. Don’t lean on the table or it’ll tip up.
Tip the box up and empty it. 把盒子翻過來倒空。
Careful! You’ll tip the boat over. 把船弄翻了。
No rubbish to be tipped here. / No tipping. 禁止倒垃圾。
tip n. 垃圾棄置場
e.g. Their house is an absolute tip. 他們家簡直是個(gè)垃圾堆。
3). tip v.
e.g. She just tipped the ball over the net. Tip: 輕拍/打/敲
He tip the driver 5 Yuan. Tip: 給…小費(fèi)
She’s been tipped for promotion. 有人認(rèn)為她最可能得到提升。Tip: 可能成功
Someone tipped off the police about the robbery. Tip: 事先給某人警告或暗示
tip n.
e.g. He left a tip under his plate. Tip: 小費(fèi)
The teacher gives students some tips about how to study English. Tip: 有用的小建議
13. circulate v.
circulation n. 流傳，傳播（不可數(shù)）；發(fā)行額，銷售量（可數(shù)）；血液循環(huán)（可數(shù)或不可數(shù)）
e.g. have (a) good/ bad circulation
14. pulse plus prep. 加上
15. wound/ injure/ hurt
1). Wound 指外界暴力引起身體“創(chuàng)傷”，尤指刀傷，槍傷， 劍傷；而injure/ hurt指意外事故受傷。
2). 身體內(nèi)部受傷不能用wound 只能用hurt/ injure
3). E.g. My left foot hurt. 我左腳痛。
I saw an injured/ a wounded man. 我看見一個(gè)受傷的人。
hurt 可以做不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“疼痛”；injured/ wounded 可作表語或定語，hurt只能作表語
16. roll over 不及物動(dòng)詞詞組
e.g. The car was out of control and rolled over down to the river.
The years roll on.歲月流逝。
Roll the ball to me.把球滾給我。
其他詞組：get…rolling…使…取得進(jìn)展；keep the ball to rolling 使保持活躍；
roll in 大量涌來；start the ball rolling 使活躍起來
17. sudden adj. suddenly adv.
e.g. They heard a sudden cry and wondered what was the matter.
他們聽到突如其來的叫喊聲，不知道出了什么事。
all of a sudden 突然，冷不防 sudden death 暴死
18. in honor of(= in sb’s /sth’s honor) : out of respect for ab/sth
e.g. This is a ceremony in honor of these killed in battle.
這是為紀(jì)念陣亡戰(zhàn)士而舉行的儀式。
相關(guān)短語： an honor to sb./sth. 給…增光的人/事
e.g. Liu Xiang is an honor to China.
in…of: in praise of贊美；in need of需要；in place of 代替；in case of 萬一；in front of在…(內(nèi)部)前面；in the front of在…(外部)前面；in favor of 支持
19. tap
tap n. tap v. 從…中放出液體
e.g. Don’t leave the taps running.
He taps off some cider. 他倒了些蘋果酒。
tap n. 輕快的敲擊聲 tap v. （tapped, tapped）輕拍某人/物
e.g. They heard a tap at the door.
He tapped the box with a stick. tap sth./ sb. with sth./sb.
She is tapping her fingers on the table. tap sth. on sth.
Who’s that tapping at the window? tap sth. at sth.
20. in case/ in case of / in the case of
in case 以防萬一，假如
e.g. In case it rains, we won’t be able to go there on foot. 假如下雨，我們就不能步行去那里。
（in case 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或是一般過去時(shí)表將來）
in case of 萬一，要是 （可能性不大）
e.g. In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 如遇火警，則按警鈴。
in the case of 就…而言
e.g. It’s the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of him, the story is true.
我們把這類故事視為神話，但就他來說，這故事卻是真實(shí)的。
注：in case of/ in the case of + n./ pron. 不接從句
in case + 從句
e.g. He left early in case he should miss the train.
In case of danger, you must be calm.
Step Ⅱ Homework
給出幾種情況（drowning; traffic accident; burns; bleeding; cuts; choking; bites ），把學(xué)生分組抽簽。把遇到以上情況該做的和不該做的寫在小卡片上。
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The Second Period
Teaching Aims:
1. Train the students’ listening ability.
2. Help the students to improve their speaking ability by talking about first aid and medicine.
3. Teach some useful tips about first aids.
Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ Warming up
1. Ask students the following questions.
1).Have you ever seen a traffic accident?
2).Have you ever seen a traffic accident?
3).Do you know anybody bitten by a poisonous snake?
4).What did you do when it happened?
5).What do the six pictures in the book tell us?
(根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行深入討論)
2. Ask the groups of students to give their tips on the six situations. Then ask the rest of them to judge their doings.
3. Ask Ss “What could we do to prevent these accidents?”
Always be careful; prepare well before do it. (Answers : Teacher’s book Page 169)
Step ⅡListening
Ask Ss to see the picture at first and then guess what happened on these two pictures.
Play the tape for four times:
1.Just listen; 2. Do Ex.1; 3. Do Ex.2; 4. Do Ex.3;
Step Ⅲ Speaking
T: No place is safe at all, even in our home. Do you know:
1). What accidents often happen at home?
2). What should we do be safe at home?
3). What we shouldn’t do?
Step Ⅳ Homework: Ask Ss to make a dialogue, using the useful expressions. (just choose one situation)
Language points:
1. aid/ help/ assistance
aid: 表示經(jīng)濟(jì)或其他方面給予的幫助或援助，多指強(qiáng)者(或足夠者)援助弱者，多用于團(tuán)體。
help: 指給人精神或物質(zhì)上的幫助，墻角受助者的需要，有利于達(dá)到一定的目的或目標(biāo)。
assistance: 多指個(gè)人給予道義，知識(shí)，物質(zhì)等方面的幫助，所提供的幫助往往只起輔助作用。
e.g. We help/aid each other and learn from each other.
When all assist, the job can be done quickly.如果大家都幫忙，這項(xiàng)工作很快就能完成。
2. make sure: find out whether sth. is definitely so.
1). make sure of sth./ doing sth.
e.g. You’d better make sure of the time and place.
Can you make sure of success? 你能確保成功嗎？
2). make sure that
e.g. Before you leave the lab, make sure that the door is locked.
3. reach 夠得著
e.g. The apple is too high. I can’t reach it.
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The Third-Fourth Period
Teaching Aims:
1. Improve the Ss’ reading ability.
2. Let the Ss know more about first aid.
3. Help the Ss to master the new words and expressions.
Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ Lead-in & Pre-reading
T: Yesterday we have learn something about first aid. Now, if you have been asked to write an article about first aid, would you write an outline before writing? See, it’s really a good way to help you with your essay writing. There are three outlines. Choose the one which you’ll use and tell us why.
Step Ⅱ Reading
1. Go through the text quickly and find out which outline is used in the passage.
2. Then, ask Ss to look at the pictures in Post-reading. Match each picture with sentences in the text.
3. Then, explain the text sentence by sentence.
Step Ⅲ Homework: 分小組，模擬急救現(xiàn)場，并配音講解，學(xué)完課文后表演
Language points:
1. as if/ though
1)引導(dǎo)的從句如果是事實(shí)過可能性大，多用陳述語氣。常于look, seem, taste, smell, sound,ect.搭配
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.
It seems as if the boy has lost his way.
2)從句如果是主觀想象或夸大比喻，與事實(shí)不合，常用虛擬語氣。
e.g. He looks as if he were ill.（其實(shí)沒病）
He walks as if he were drunk. 他走路的樣子象喝醉了。
Ex:
He is a happy-go-luck(無憂無慮的) man as if he has no worries and cares in the world.
The young man with long hair looks as if he were a woman.
2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟上完成形式的意義和用法。
1). could have done
e.g. We could have helped that boy, even we were busy. 那天，即使我們很忙，我們本來也可以幫助那個(gè)男孩的。（本可以做，但事實(shí)沒有做）
He could have told his girl friend the secret. But I’m not very sure. 他或許已經(jīng)把這個(gè)秘密告訴他的女朋友了，不過我也并不確定。（或許已經(jīng)做過，表示對過去某事的推測）
2). must have done 一定已經(jīng)做過(表示對過去某事較有把握的推測)
e.g. They must have stayed up late night-all of them looks sleepy.
他們昨天晚上肯定熬得很晚了，他們看起來全都非常疲倦。
3). should have done/ ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做(卻沒做，表達(dá)一種強(qiáng)烈的遺憾，責(zé)備之意)
e.g. They should have handed in their homework yesterday.
昨天他們本該把家庭作業(yè)交上去的。
4). needn’t have done 本不應(yīng)該（但事實(shí)上已經(jīng)做了）
e.g. You needn’t have copied the exercise book. I have one more and I can give it to you.
你其實(shí)不必抄那本練習(xí)冊，我還有一本可以給你。
3. witness
e.g. These facts are a witness to his careless. 這些事實(shí)證明了他的粗心。（n.證明，證人，目擊者）
She witnessed the accident. 她親眼看見該事故。（v.目擊，為…作證，成為證據(jù)）
4. wish
wish + that從句,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣（動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)，或過去完成時(shí)）
e.g. I wish that I knew the answer. 我希望我知道這個(gè)答案。
I wish I had bought it yesterday. 我希望昨天買了它。
其他接賓語從句用虛擬語氣的詞有：suggest/ advise/ propose/ insist/ decide/ order/ request/ demand/ desire/ ask, 其謂語動(dòng)詞用 （should）+動(dòng)詞原形
e.g. I suggest that we should start the meeting at once.
He insist that all of us should be there on time.
5. accident/ incident/ ever
1). accident 指意外或偶然發(fā)生的事故，特別是不幸的，有損害性的事故。
e.g. He was killed in a traffic accident.
注：accident為可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞an,表示“一個(gè)”“一次”，習(xí)慣用語by accident為“偶然”，相當(dāng)于by chance.
e.g. I met her in the street by accident, yet she had a bad accident three days ago.
我在大街上偶爾碰見過她，然而三天前她卻遭遇了一場嚴(yán)重的事故。
2). incident 泛指不重要的事件，還可以指政治上有影響的重大事件。
e.g. I remember an incident that took place in Mr. Li’s class.我記得發(fā)生在李先生課上的一件事。
The Lugouqiao Incident broke out in July 7th, 1937. 1937年7月7日爆發(fā)了盧溝橋事變。
3). event 指重要事件，特別是有歷史意義的重大事件
e.g. How to develop the western part of China well is an important event.如何開發(fā)好中國的西部是一項(xiàng)重要的活動(dòng)。
6. count
e.g. You really count with me. 對我來說你確實(shí)很重要。(count: 有重要性的)
Try to count to ten before you lose your temper. (count: 數(shù)數(shù))
I count Tracy and Lucy among my closest friends. 我把。。和。。算作我最親密的朋友。（把…計(jì)算在內(nèi)）
7. deal with
e.g. You dealt with that situation very cleverly. 你很巧妙地處理了那個(gè)艱難的局面。（處理，料理；attend to, manage sth.）
The next chapter deals with verbs.下一章討論動(dòng)詞。（討論,涉及到；take or have sth. as a subject, discuss sth.）
I hate dealing with large impersonal companies.我討厭和那些沒有人情味的大公司打交道。（與…打交道，與做生意；have social, business etc. relations with…）
另：deal with ab.: behave towards ab. 對付，對待
e.g. They try to deal politely with angry customers. 他們盡量對發(fā)怒的顧客彬彬有禮。
注：do with/ deal with/ get rid of
get rid of 表示“處理”，側(cè)重“消滅”“擺脫或清除”；deal with和do with 側(cè)重“處理”的手段，方法或方式。do后可接賓語，deal后不接賓語；do with常與what連用；deal with常與how連用。
e.g. If they are not coming, we can get rid of the tickets.如果他們不來了，我們可以把票處理掉。
How do you deal with matters of this sort？你是怎么處理這類事情的？
What did you do with the broken car? 你怎么處理那輛壞了的車的？
8. to stay calm
1). to stay calm 在句中用作表語。Stay作為連系動(dòng)詞用，意思是維持某狀態(tài)。Stay用作連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面要跟形容詞，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
e.g. He decided to stay single for the rest of his life after his wife was killed in a car accident.
他妻子出車禍去世后，他決定不再婚。
The weather will stay fine for another two or three day.
接下來兩三天天氣會(huì)繼續(xù)保持晴朗。
相關(guān)詞組：stay (at) home; stay away from 避開；stay behind 留下不走；stay for/to 留下（吃飯）
stay in留在家里(不出去)，留在學(xué)校不回家(作為一種懲罰)；stay on 繼續(xù)呆下去；stay out在外面不回來；stay up不睡覺，沒有倒塌（下沉）
2). calm adj. 鎮(zhèn)靜的；v. 使鎮(zhèn)靜，使沉著
a. 作adj,
calm/ quiet/ silent/ still 表示“靜”的區(qū)別：
quiet 寂靜的，安靜的。強(qiáng)調(diào)外在的安靜，無吵鬧，噪音。
silent 安靜，側(cè)重沒有人聲的，沉默的
calm 既可指人有可指外界環(huán)境，既可指內(nèi)在的也可指外在的
still 不動(dòng)的，強(qiáng)調(diào)無動(dòng)作，無姿勢的改變。
b. 作v.
e.g. Just calm down a bit and everything will be all right. 沉著點(diǎn)，以前都會(huì)好起來的。
類似的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化動(dòng)詞的還有：
形容詞 動(dòng)詞
clean 清潔的 使清潔
clear 干凈的 清除
dirty 骯臟的 弄臟
dry 干燥的 使干燥
empty 空的 倒空
free 自由的 使自由
slow 慢的 放慢
warm 暖和的 使緩和
9. on the way& in the way
in the way 障礙（阻止你到想去的地方的人或物）；on the way 在途中
e.g. Please don't stand in the kitchen door-you’re in the way. 你擋了我的路。
Let’s not stop too often on the way. 咱們別老在途中停留了。
其他詞組：by the way順便提一下；on the (one’s) way to 去…的路上；in this (that) way這樣（那樣）；by way of 途徑；in a (one) way在某種程度上
10. answer/ reply/ respond
answer 指以口頭，書面或其他方式回答或反應(yīng)
reply 正式用詞，多表示經(jīng)過考慮，一一答復(fù)所提的問題或論點(diǎn)
respond 正式用詞，表示“回答”用得較少，多指對外界刺激迅速而自然地作出反應(yīng)
11.press n.壓，按，印刷，壓力，新聞；vt & vi 壓，壓榨，逼迫，擁擠，受壓
e.g. He press the doorbell.
Just press this button, and you’ll start the engine.
The University Press 大學(xué)出版社
12. enough 可作adj./ n./ adv. Enough has been said.已經(jīng)說得夠多了。N.
e.g. There is enough food for ten people.
= There is food enough for ten people. 做adj時(shí)，可放在被修飾名詞前面或后面
Are you warm enough? 做adv,放在被修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞只后。
13. manage to do =succeed in doing e.g. How did you manage to get all this? 所有這一切你是怎么得到的？
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The Fifth Period
Teaching Aims:
1. Review the learnt sentence structure in the Subjective Mood.
2. Sum up the cases in which we should use the Subjunctive Mood.
Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ Check the answer of word study.
Step Ⅱ Grammar
1.基本用法：
1). 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
句型：If +主+V-ed/ were, 主+ would/ should/ could/ might + V.
e.g. If I were you, I should (would / could/ might) tell him the truth.
如果我是你，我就會(huì)（可能）對他說實(shí)話。
If he had time, he would (could/ might) go with you.
如果他有時(shí)間，他就會(huì)（可能）和你去。
2). 與過去事實(shí)相反
句型：If +主+ had + P.P., 主+ would/ should/ could/ might + have P.P.
e.g. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t (couldn’t ) have failed in the exam.
如果你按照我的建議去做，你就不會(huì)（可能）考試不及格。
She would(could/ might ) have telephoned you immediately, if she had won the game.
3). 與將來事實(shí)相反
句型：If +主+ should/ were to + V, 住+would/ could/ should/ might+ v.
e.g. If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would/ could/ might) go to see my grandmother.
If it should rain, the crops would (could/ might) be saved. 如果下雨，莊稼就一定有救。
2. wish 引導(dǎo)賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
句型： 主+ wished + (that) + 主+ v-ed/ were (與現(xiàn)在相反)
主+ wished + (that) + 主 + had +P.P. 與過去相反
+ would/ could +have + P.P.
主+ wished + (that) + 主+ would/ could + v. (與將來相反)
3. as if/ though 引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，表示一般情況用陳述句，
句型：主+ v. + as if/ though + 主+ v-ed/ were (與現(xiàn)在相反)
主+ v. + as if/ though + 主 + had +P.P. 與過去相反
+ would/ could +have + P.P.
主+ v. + as if/ though + 主+ would/ could + v. (與將來相反)
e.g. It looks as if it is going to snow.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun were circling round the earth.
4. would rather 的虛擬用法：
句型：1.) 主+ would rather + v. 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碇饔^上的愿望與選擇。
e.g. Marry would rather (not) have a fresh-tasting toothpaste.
2.) 主+ would rather (not)+ have + P.P. 表示過去寧愿做而沒有做的事情。
e.g. The mayor (市長) would rather have handled that press conference last week.
3). 主+ would rather + v. + than 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砟橙俗约骸皩幵浮弧?/p>
e.g. He would rather read than talk.
The kids would rather play outdoors than indoors.
She would rather join us in research work than go on holiday to seaside.
4). 主+ would rather + have + P.P. + than 表示過去某人自己“寧愿…, 而不”
e.g. The aged man would rather have participated in social service than amused himself by watching TV at home several years ago.
5). 主A+ would rather +主B + P.P./ were 從句一般為過去式，希望別人現(xiàn)在或?qū)碜鍪?/p>
e.g. I’d rather you didn’t make any comment in the issue for the time being. (暫時(shí))
6). 主A +would rather +主B+ had + P.P. 表示寧愿別人過去做sth.
e.g. David would rather that Jim had called at Chinese Economic and Trade Exhibitions yesterday.
5. 其他用虛擬語氣的情況：
1). would as soon, would sooner, would prefer 表“希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備”要求用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞為過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砬闆r，謂語動(dòng)詞為過去完成時(shí)表示過去情況
e.g. I would just prefer you had returned the book to him yesterday.
2). had better+ V.
3). otherwise, if only, suppose/ supposing 引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句表愿望，建議用虛擬語氣
e.g. If only I knew how to operate the internet phone. 要是我知道怎么打網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話就好了。
4). It is (high/ right/ about/ good) time + 從句用虛擬語氣（是…的時(shí)候）
It is time for sb. to do sth.
It’s time we went to bed = It’s time for us to go to bed.
e.g. It’s high time you stopped idling about and started looking for a job. 閑逛
5). but for…（要不是…）& without … 用在句首，引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句，時(shí)態(tài)隨句意改變
e.g. But for/ Without his uncle, the kid would have been drowned in the pool.
6). If it were not for… (要不是…) 與現(xiàn)在相反
If it had not been for… 與過去相反
e.g. If it were not for the fact that his father is on the board directors, he would never have a job.
If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a serious mistake.
7). but that + 從句（用虛擬語氣）
e.g. I would go by steamer but that I’m a poor sailor. 要不是因?yàn)闀灤揖妥チ恕?/p>
8). as it is & as it were
as it is 用在句首“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上，就目前的情況而言”
as it were 用在句尾“照現(xiàn)狀，照原樣”
e.g. Cao Yu is a sort of Chinese Shakespeare as it were.