單元目標(biāo)
1．學(xué)會(huì)使用本單元出現(xiàn)的表示同意agreement和不同意disagreement的交際功能用語(yǔ)．
2．運(yùn)用本課所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，圍繞廣告的作用這一題材，確切理解課文Advertising，了解廣告的一般常識(shí)及其作用．要求會(huì)用英語(yǔ)流利地復(fù)述第18課課文．并套用課文中出現(xiàn)的重要句型．
3．掌握下列日常交際用語(yǔ)．
I think it would be a good idea to
Do you think so? I don’t agree with
I don’t think so．
Do you think that．．．?
I am afraid I can’t agree with you．
That is true/right．Of course，I agree．
What exactly are you suggesting?
No problem．
4．正確掌握下面的句型．
It is time that sb．did something．或It is time that sb．should do something．
It is time后的定語(yǔ)從句通常需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣．
例如：
1）It is time that we went （或should go） to bed．
該是上床睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候了．
2）It is high time that we did （或should do） something to stop pollution．
是采取措施制止污染的時(shí)候了．
掌握下面的構(gòu)詞法，合成形容詞最常見(jiàn)的構(gòu)成方法如下：
構(gòu)成方式
例 詞
形容詞+名詞+ed
middle-aged中年的 kind-hearted好心腸的
形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
good-looking好看的 easy-going好說(shuō)話的
副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
hard-working勤勞的 far-reaching深遠(yuǎn)的
名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
peace-loving熱愛(ài)和平的 epoch-making劃時(shí)代的
名詞+過(guò)去分詞
state-owned國(guó)營(yíng)的 heart-felt由衷的
副詞+過(guò)去分詞
highly-developed高速發(fā)展的 widely-used廣泛應(yīng)用的
形容詞+過(guò)去分詞
ready-made現(xiàn)成的 new-born新生的
在本單元中出現(xiàn)的是副詞+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞，請(qǐng)記住下面的常用詞：
a wrongly-pronunced sound一個(gè)發(fā)錯(cuò)了的音
a carefully-decided policy一項(xiàng)慎重考慮的政策
a well-translated article一篇翻譯得很好的文章
a hastily-written letter一封匆忙寫成的信
a newly-built bridge一座新建的橋梁
a powerfully-built man一個(gè)體格健壯的人
Grammar Revising the Past Participle（復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)去分詞）
過(guò)去分詞的運(yùn)用要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1．過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別．
作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作．例如：
The book is well written．
這本書寫得很好．
The book was written by a soldier．
這書是一位戰(zhàn)士寫的．
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子一般多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)要與相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一致．例如：
The tall building is completed．
大樓已竣工．
The tall building was completed last year．
大樓是去年建成的．
用做表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞，多半已形容詞化或相當(dāng)于形容詞．常見(jiàn)的有：bro-ken，known，surprised，worried，pleased，interested，determined，experienced，etc．如：
I’m pleased to see you．
見(jiàn)到你我很高興．
He is interested in medicine．
他對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)感興趣．
2．過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)．
及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系
I once heard the song sung in Russian．
我曾聽(tīng)人用俄語(yǔ)唱了這首歌．
不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作的完成
When he woke up，he found all the guests gone．
當(dāng)他醒來(lái)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的客人都走了．
3．過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，它的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)要跟主句主語(yǔ)一致，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系．
Given necessary help，he may finish the work in time．
如果給他必要的幫助，他可以按時(shí)完成這個(gè)工作．
Supplied by a proper amount of air，the fire continued to burn．
因?yàn)楣┙o了適量的空氣，火繼續(xù)燃燒．
核心知識(shí)
1．So what exactly are you suggesting?
那么，你到底想建議什么呢？
有些副詞例如：exactly，always，often等和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用，表示一種感情色彩．這里，表示說(shuō)話人的一種不耐煩的情緒．又如：
You mustn’t always be speaking so fast．
你不要總是說(shuō)得這么快．
Why are you always being late?
你為什么總是遲到？
2．We can bring in some hum our too．= We can make the advertisement humorous too．我們可以使廣告幽默些．
bring in引進(jìn)，帶進(jìn)，掙得，收入
We have brought in some new products from foreign countries．
我們從國(guó)外引進(jìn)了一些新產(chǎn)品．
3．The development of radio，television，cinema，magazines and newspapers has gone hand in hand with the development of advertising．無(wú)線電、電視、電影、雜志和報(bào)紙的發(fā)展同廣告業(yè)的發(fā)展是齊頭并進(jìn)的．hand in hand連在一起，聯(lián)合（always happening together）
Theory should go hand in hand with practice．
理論應(yīng)當(dāng)與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合．
Dirt and disease go hand in hand．臟和疾病是連在一起的．
4．Therefore advertising，instead of making a product more expensive，make sit cheaper．因此，廣告不會(huì)使產(chǎn)品更昂貴，相反卻會(huì)使產(chǎn)品更便宜．
instead of代替；而不是……；而沒(méi)有……．后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞，有時(shí)也接介詞詞組．例如：
He is going to give the lesson instead of me．
他將代替我去上課．
She is going to go over maths instead of English．
她打算復(fù)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)，而不是英語(yǔ)．
They went to the park this morning on foot instead of by bus．
今天早上，他們是步行去公園的，而不是乘公共汽車去的．
5．Once managers would say jokingly，“I know that half of what I spend on advertising is wasted，but I don’t know which half．”（ =．．．， “I know that much of the money which I spent on advertising is wasted，but I don’t know exactly which part of the money is wasted．”）
在過(guò)去，經(jīng)理們常會(huì)開(kāi)玩笑地說(shuō)，“我知道我花的廣告費(fèi)有一半是浪費(fèi)了，但是我不知道究竟是哪一半．”
1）Once manager would say = Once managers used to talk about the money which they spent on advertising in the following way．
2）jokingly是由動(dòng)詞ing形式后綴ly構(gòu)成的副詞，譯為“開(kāi)玩笑地”．類似的副詞還有smilingly（笑嘻嘻地），surprisingly（使人驚訝地），understandingly（理解地）等．
6．Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement，and a person who will buy space in newspapers or time on TV．（ = A person who thinks up an idea and a person who will buy space in newspapers or time on TV will also be present at the meeting．）
出席會(huì)議的還有廣告的策劃者以及要在報(bào)紙上買版面或向電視臺(tái)買時(shí)段的人．
1）本句是一個(gè)將表語(yǔ)在句首的倒裝句．它有兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)，并都帶有who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明出席會(huì)議的兩種不同身份的人．本句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，主要是保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象．又如：
Nearby are houses built by the farmers in recent years．
附近是農(nóng)民近幾年自己蓋的房子．
Here is China’s largest tropical forest．
這里是中國(guó)最大的熱帶森林．
Also present at the meeting were government officials，scientists and artists．出席會(huì)議的還有政府官員、科學(xué)家和藝術(shù)家．
2）think up想出，設(shè)計(jì)出（to invent，imagine）
She thought up a funny game for the children to play．她想出了一個(gè)有趣的游戲給孩子們做．
The prisoners tried to think up a plan for escape．犯人企圖擬出一個(gè)逃跑的計(jì)劃．
7．If the advertising fails ，having no effect on sales，the whole programme will be reviewed．
如果廣告失敗，對(duì)銷售額不起作用，那么就得對(duì)整個(gè)廣告過(guò)程進(jìn)行重新檢查．
fail vi．失敗，不及格，缺乏
I failed in persuading him．
我沒(méi)能說(shuō)服他．
He failed in the maths examination．
他數(shù)學(xué)考試不及格．
The hot water supply failed last night．
昨晚，熱水供應(yīng)中斷．
fail后接不定式表示“不，不能，忘記”
She got up late and failed to catch the early bus．
她起晚了，沒(méi)能趕上早班車．
He failed to see what I meant．
他未懂我的意思．
8．Today’s advertisements often start with a question，or a puzzle，with a purpose of attracting the reader’s attention．
今天的廣告常常以一個(gè)問(wèn)句或一個(gè)謎語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，目的是引起讀者的注意．
start with以……為起點(diǎn)，先做（begin with）
The new English teacher began our class with a joke．
新英語(yǔ)老師上課時(shí)先給我們講了個(gè)笑話．
Knowledge begins with practice．
知識(shí)來(lái)自實(shí)踐．
9．But this is usually contained in a text that is interesting and often funny．
但這通常包含在一篇有趣而又滑稽可笑的廣告詞中．
text譯為“正文、全文”，在這兒譯為“廣告詞”，又如：
The history contains 300 pages of text and about 50 pages of notes，explanations and questions for study．
該歷史書有300頁(yè)正文，大約50頁(yè)的注解、注解及供研究的問(wèn)題．
10．“X puts life into dry hair ．
X使干發(fā)增添生氣．
life譯為“精神，生氣，活力”
Put more life into your work．工作時(shí)要有精神．
Children are full of life．孩子們生氣勃勃．
典型例題
微型語(yǔ)境題
微型語(yǔ)境題是指考生在解題過(guò)程中除要考慮廣義的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則外還要遵循上下文的規(guī)則．此類題的題干可以是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，一個(gè)復(fù)合句，或由兩個(gè)以上的句子和對(duì)話組成．
①題干是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，通過(guò)其中一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)微型語(yǔ)境．
例1 NMET 1999
Few pleasures can equal __________ of a cool drink on a hot day．
A．some B．a(chǎn)ny C．that D．those
此題中的指示代詞that代替前面pleasure避免重復(fù)，又因?yàn)槭恰按鬅崽煲环N涼爽飲料的快感”，所以不能用those．故此題應(yīng)選C．
例2 The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，___________ it more difficult．
A．not make B．not to make C．not making D．do not make
此題中的not用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)to make life easier的相反意義．因此要用動(dòng)詞不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)．此題應(yīng)選B．
例3 You’ll find the map of great ___________ in helping you to get round London．
A．price B．cost C．value D．usefulness
此題中的in helping you to get round London意思為“在有助于你在倫敦的行走方面”，所以應(yīng)該是地圖的價(jià)值（value），而非價(jià)格（price），成本（cost）．故此題應(yīng)選C．
例4 NMET 1998
European football is played in 80 countries，_________ it the most popular sport in the world．
A．making B．makes C．made D．to make
此題用分詞做狀語(yǔ)，表示結(jié)果．故此題應(yīng)選A．
②題干是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，通過(guò)置于主句或從句中所創(chuàng)設(shè)的微型語(yǔ)境，確立選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)．
例5 NNET 1999
_________ you’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it．
A．Now that B．After C．Although D．As soon as
此題中，根據(jù)主句的意思，從句應(yīng)表示原因，now that意思是“既然”，所以此題應(yīng)選A．
例6 NMET 1998
I hate __________ when people talk with their mouths full．
A．it B．that C．these D．them
此題中it作形式賓語(yǔ)，代表后面when結(jié)構(gòu)，故此題應(yīng)選A．
例7 NMET 1998
Nobody noticed the thief ship into the house because the lights happened to________________．
A．be put up B．give in C．be turned on D．go out
此題從主句所提供的信息可判斷出小偷進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，燈都熄了．故此題應(yīng)選D．
例8 NMET 1998
They _________ the train until it disappeared in the distance．
A．saw B．watched C．noticed D．observed
此題從句中所提供的信息“直到火車在遠(yuǎn)處消失”，因此可判斷為“他們注意看”．故此題應(yīng)選B．
③題干由兩個(gè)以上的句子或兩個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成，通過(guò)置于前或后的句子中所設(shè)置的微型語(yǔ)境，確立選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)．
例9 NMET 1998
Professor White has written some short stories，but he is _________ known for his plays．
A．the best B．more C．better D．the most
此題前一個(gè)分句中短篇小說(shuō)和后一個(gè)分句中的劇本，應(yīng)有比較的成分．又因?yàn)橐浴瓰橹Q應(yīng)用be well known for．因此此題應(yīng)選C．
例10 NMET 1999
Robert is said _________ abroad，but I don’t know what country he studied in．
A．to have studied B．to study
C．to be studying D．to have been studing
此題后一個(gè)分句的意思為：“但是我不知道他在那個(gè)國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)．”因此我們可推斷出他已經(jīng)在國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)．故此題應(yīng)選A．
例11 NMET 1999
The price________，but I doubt whether it will remain so．
A．went down B．will go down
C．has gone down D．was going down
此題后一個(gè)分句的意思為：“但是我懷疑價(jià)格下跌是否還將持續(xù)”，顯然說(shuō)話者的立足點(diǎn)在現(xiàn)在，故此題應(yīng)選C．
例12 NMET 1999
Your performance in the driving test din’t reach the required standard-___________，you failed．
A．in the end B．a(chǎn)fter all C．in other words D．a(chǎn)t the same time
此題前一個(gè)分句的意思為“你在駕駛測(cè)試中的表現(xiàn)沒(méi)有達(dá)到所要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，和后一個(gè)分句“你沒(méi)及格”實(shí)際是一回事，應(yīng)此此題應(yīng)選C．in other words意思為“換句話說(shuō)”．
例13 NMET 1998
Dr．Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge．I can’t remember___________．
A．where B．there C．which D．that
本題缺少的成分是賓語(yǔ)，副詞不能作賓語(yǔ)，所以A和B可以排除；本題前一句提到兩所大學(xué)，即限定了范圍．在“某一范圍內(nèi)選擇哪一個(gè)”時(shí)，應(yīng)該用which，所以C是正確答案．
例14 NMET 1998
_________ it with me and I’ll see what I can do．
A．When left B．Leaving C．If you leave D．Leave
從and前、后兩部分的意思判斷，前面是一個(gè)具有條件從句性質(zhì)的祈使句，正確答案是D．
④題干是由對(duì)話組成，選項(xiàng)決定于前一個(gè)人或后一個(gè)人所說(shuō)的話而設(shè)置的一個(gè)微型語(yǔ)境，以此為確定選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)．
例15 NMET 1998
-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I’m afraid ___________ day is possible．
A．either B．neither C．some D．a(chǎn)ny
本題上句提出Monday or Tuesday，即指兩者：從正句“I’m afraid”推測(cè)，兩者都否定，所以應(yīng)選擇B．
例16 NMET 1998
-Nancy is not coming tonight．
-But she______________?
A．promise B．promised C．will promise D．had promised
本題上句說(shuō)Nancy將不來(lái)了，下句說(shuō)“但她答應(yīng)來(lái)的呀!”從上下句的情景推測(cè)，“答應(yīng)”這一動(dòng)作是在兩人談話之前發(fā)生的，所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；語(yǔ)境中沒(méi)有隱含“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以B是正確答案．
例17 NMET 1998
-I stayed at a hotel while in New York．
-Oh，did you? You __________ with Barbara．
A．could have stayed B．could stay
C．would stay D．must have stayed
從上句“I stayed at a hotel．．．”提供的語(yǔ)境看，該對(duì)話說(shuō)的是過(guò)去的事情．表示過(guò)去本來(lái)能做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到的，用could + have+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”，所以應(yīng)選A．
例18 NMET 1999
-Are new rules working?
-Yes．___________books are stolen．
A．Few B．More C．Some D．None
從下句Yes所暗示的情景分析，新的規(guī)則在起作用，由此判斷，現(xiàn)在幾乎沒(méi)有書被偷．所以應(yīng)選A．
例19 NMET 1999
-Alice，you feed the bird today，___________?
-But I fed it yesterday．
A．do you B．will you C．didn’t you D．don’t you
從下句回答內(nèi)容所提供的情景看，上句不是一般的陳述句，而是一個(gè)表示命令或請(qǐng)求而又保留說(shuō)話對(duì)象（you）的祈使句．所以答案是B而不是D．
例20 NMET 1999
-Hey，look where you are going?
-Oh．I’m terribly sorry．_________．
A．I’m not noticing B．I wasn’t noticing
C．I haven’t noticed D．I don’t notice
本題的情景是前一個(gè)人向后一個(gè)人提出警告后，后一個(gè)人意識(shí)到了在做那件事的時(shí)候沒(méi)有注意到，是指“剛才”的事，所以應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，答案應(yīng)該是B．