單元目標(biāo)
1．能用正確的語音語調(diào)朗讀課文．
2．掌握及正確使用用餐時的日常用語．
3．模仿課文第14課第二段的結(jié)構(gòu)寫一篇文章解釋某件事為什么重要或不重要，使用first，second，third．．．等．
名詞性從句
1．名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同，各種從句所使用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞也大同小異．結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完全相同的名詞性從句處于句子的不同位置可充當(dāng)不同的成分．例如：
When the sports meet will be held is still unknown．
運(yùn)動會什么時候開還不知道．（主語從句）
I don’t know when the sports meet will be held．
我不知道運(yùn)動會什么時候開．（賓語從句）
The question is when the sports meet will be held．
問題是運(yùn)動會什么時候開．（表語從句）
Have you got any idea when the sports meet will be held?
你知道運(yùn)動會什么時候開嗎?（同位語從句）
2．同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)成分；同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞一般不充當(dāng)成分，如充當(dāng)成分，不指代其前面的名詞．例如：
The news that our school basket team had won the game excited us very much．
我們校籃球隊(duì)獲勝的消息使我們激動不已．（同位語從句）
The news that he told me excited me very much．
他告訴我的那個消息使我非常激動．（定語從句）
核心知識
1．Have you ordered yet?你點(diǎn)菜了嗎?
order v．點(diǎn)菜，定購，命令（常帶復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）
I ordered a hamburger，a salad and a glass of beer．
我點(diǎn)了一只漢堡包，一份色拉和一杯啤酒．
He has ordered some new books from England．
他向英格蘭訂購了幾本新書．
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed．醫(yī)生囑咐他臥床休息．
2．Right now I could eat one ox．（= I’m so hungry now that I could eat a whole ox．）
現(xiàn)在我吃得下一頭牛．
could表示一種虛擬語氣，是一種與事實(shí)不相符的夸張說法．
eat one ox類似的短語還有eat a horse．
3．I’m looking forward to that．我一直期待那件事情．
look forward to期待（to expect，to feel pleasure in） to為介詞，后接名詞或動詞-ing形式．
I’m looking forward to hearing from you．我一直在期待你的來信．
The children are looking forward to the holidays．孩子們在盼望假期．
4．All the same I expect you’ll enjoy coming into town now and again．（ =Even though you will be quite a long way from your friend，I expect you’ll enjoy coming into town．）盡管如此，我還是盼望你常來城里．
1）all the same雖然……還是（even so）
You say the bridge is safe；I shall take care all the same．
雖然你說這橋很安全，但我還是要小心．
2）now and again有時，不時地（from time to time，at times）
I don’t think about my old home very much，only now and again．
我不是非常想老家，只是有時會想起．
5．It is thought a billion people，that is half the world’s workers，earn their living by farming．
據(jù)認(rèn)為有十億人，也就是全世界勞動人口的一半，是靠務(wù)農(nóng)謀生的．
本句屬于It + is／was + that從句．it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句．
例如：
It is thought that the food in this supermarket is cheap．
人們認(rèn)為這個超市里的食品價格便宜．
It is reported in the papers that the President of the USA will arrive next Monday．
報紙報道美國總統(tǒng)將于下星期一抵達(dá)．
It is hoped that St Paul fire has taught us a lesson．
人們希望圣保羅大火給我們一個教訓(xùn)．
6．For one thing，two thirds of the earth’s surface is water，although this does provide a lot of food in the form of fish．
首先，地球表面三分之二是海洋，盡管海洋確實(shí)提供了大量可作食物的魚類．
1）For one thing．．．（ = One reason why it is difficult to feed the world’s population is that．．．），意思是“首先”“理由之一”．例如：
The house was poorly built；for one thing ，the roof leaked．
房子造得很差，理由之一是屋頂漏雨．
I won’t buy the book．For one thing，I am not interested in it；for another，I have no money．
我不買這本書，一則是我對它不感興趣，再則我沒錢．
2）in the form of以……形式
I gave my advice in the form of a question．
我用提問的方式提出了建議．
Cars pollute the air in the form of waste gas．
汽車以排出廢氣的形式污染空氣．
7．First，it is being built on．（ = First，buildings are being built on the land：）
第一，在耕地上搞建筑．
要注意，在被動語態(tài)的句子里，介詞很容易被忽視，在這里介詞on不能少．例如：
The patient is being operated on．
病人正在手術(shù)．
The children are being taken good care of．
孩子們被很好地照料．
8．The FAO has worked out that up to 30% of food is lost in storage．
聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織估算出，高達(dá)30％的糧食在儲藏中損失掉了．
1）work out估算，合計，解出
I have worked out my travelling expenses at 250 yuan．
我的旅費(fèi)算下來是250元．
Who can work out this physics problem?
誰能解答這道物理題?
2）up to達(dá)到（某數(shù)量，規(guī)格等）
There are up to eight fire engine at the fire．
在失火處共有8輛救火車．
Up to 10 people can sleep in the room．
這房間最多能睡10個人．
9．Every year about 40 million people starve to death．
每年餓死的人大約有4，000萬．
starve to death（ = die because they do not have enough to eat）這是個習(xí)語，類似的詞組還有put/do to death，譯為“處死，殺死”．
10．Farmers can increase their corn crops three times simply by watering their fields．
農(nóng)場主只需灌溉土地就可以使玉米作物的產(chǎn)量增加三倍．simply adv．僅僅（only）常放在被修飾語的前面．例如：
He failed simply because he was lazy．
他失敗，只因他懶惰．
I don’t like driving．I do it simply to get to work each day．
我不喜歡駕駛，我每天開車只是為了上班．
11．Generally speaking，human race has the information and experience to do this．
一般來說，人類已有這方面的知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)了．
1）generally speaking為插入語，修飾主句．例如：
Generally speaking ，you can’t find green field where there is little water．
一般來說，凡是少水的地方，你就找不到綠色的田野．
2）human race人類
human beings，humans，man，mankind，people都是用來表示人類總稱的．
12．In the European Union （EU） ，where 81% of the land is farmed，there is
plenty of food，in fact often too much．
在歐洲聯(lián)盟有81％的土地用于耕作，那兒糧食充足，事實(shí)上，糧食常常是太多了．
1）where引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句修飾先行詞the EU．
2）百分?jǐn)?shù)加名詞做主語的句子，其謂語動詞必須和介詞of后的名詞的數(shù)保持一致．
3）too much太多，在句中可作主語、賓語和定語．例如：
Don’t think too much of yourself．
不要自以為了不起．
Too much has been done．
已經(jīng)做得太多了．
13．And the fact that farmers are also paid by the EU not growing crops surprises many people．
還有一件令人吃驚的事，這就是，歐洲聯(lián)盟還給農(nóng)民付錢，叫他們不要種農(nóng)作物．
the fact that that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，說明fact的內(nèi)容．例如：
The fact that the earth is round is known to us all．
地球是圓的這一事實(shí)是眾所周知的．
同位語從句通常用在表示抽象概念的名詞之后，用以說明該名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容．
He made a promise that he would return the money in time．
他答應(yīng)準(zhǔn)時還錢．
I have no idea when he will come．
我不知道他什么時候來．
14．It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell，whichever they choose．
事實(shí)證明，產(chǎn)糧最高的辦法，就是讓農(nóng)民自己決定種糧是供自家食用或出售．
1）本句屬于It is/was + done + that．．．句型．
It has been proved that事實(shí)證明，用此句型提出話題．
例如：
It has been proved that the best way of solving food problem is to control the growth of population．
事實(shí)證明，解決糧食問題的最好辦法是控制人口的增長．
2）whichever n．無論哪一個（no matter which），引導(dǎo)狀語從句，例如：
Whichever you choose，make sure that it is a good one．
不論你選擇哪一個，務(wù)須知道那一個是好的．
whichever adj．
Whichever side wins，I shall be satisfied．
不論哪一邊勝，我都滿意．
15．If the peasants could farm the land themselves，food production would be much higher．
倘若農(nóng)民能夠?yàn)樗麄冏约焊铮敲醇Z食產(chǎn)量就會高得多．
1）本句使用的虛擬語氣，是對當(dāng)前的情況作相反的假定．在這種句子中if條件句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時（be動詞用were），主句用should/would/could/might +動詞原形．
例如：If there were an earthquake，what should we do?
要是現(xiàn)在地震的話，我們該怎么辦?
If I knew his telephone number，I would ring him up．
如果我知道他的電話號碼，我就打電話給他了．（事實(shí)上我不知道）
16．What is needed is a change in land ownership and it has been suggested that the land should be shared equally among the peasants．
這就需要改變土地所有制．已有人建議，土地應(yīng)當(dāng)在農(nóng)民中平均分配．
1）整個句子是由并列連詞and連接的兩個分句構(gòu)成．在第一個分句中有一個what引導(dǎo)的主語從句；在第二個分句中有一個that引導(dǎo)的主語從句．
2）在It has been suggested that句型中that引導(dǎo)的主語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣（should）．例如：
It has been suggested that a new library should be built in our city．
有人建議在我市建一個新的圖書館．
17．They would not vote to lose their land and wealth，even if it resulted in a fair society．
使自己的土地和財產(chǎn)遭受損失的事，他們是不會投贊成票的，即使這樣做的結(jié)果能導(dǎo)致一個更為公平的社會．
1）vote v．n．投票，選舉，表決
You’re only 16；you’re too young to vote．
你只有16歲，還沒到選舉的年齡．
Money for a new school was voted by the board．
創(chuàng)辦一所新學(xué)校的錢已由董事會通過．
Every vote tells．
每票都有效．
2）result in結(jié)果，終歸，導(dǎo)致
The accident resulted in the death of 2 passengers．
那次事故導(dǎo)致兩個乘客的死亡．
Eating too much food which is high in fat and sugar will result in heart illness．
吃過多高脂肪和高糖類的食物會導(dǎo)致心臟疾病．
18．As a result，farmers are forced to plant “cash crops”，like coffee，tea，cocoa，nuts and tobacco that are sold abroad in order to pay off the country’s debts．
因此，他們強(qiáng)迫農(nóng)民種植“經(jīng)濟(jì)作物”，如咖啡、茶葉、可可、堅(jiān)果和煙草．他們把這些經(jīng)濟(jì)作物在國外銷售，以償還債務(wù)．
1）be forced to被迫（have to do．．．）
Marx was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons．
因政治原因，馬克思被迫離開故鄉(xiāng)．
My father was forced to give up smoking because of his illness．
因?yàn)樯。腋赣H不得不戒煙．
2）cash crop經(jīng)濟(jì)作物（a crop that is sold abroad to provide foreign exchange），或（a crop produced for sale rather than for use by the grower）
Cotton is a cash crop in the South．
在南方，棉花是經(jīng)濟(jì)作物．
They raise potatoes to eat，but corn is their cash crop．
3）pay off還清債務(wù)（discharge a debt completely）
It took him five years to pay off his debts．
他用了5年的時間還清了債務(wù)．
19．This grain could be used to feed humans，rather than animals．
這些谷物本來是可以供人食用的，而不是喂牲口．
rather than而不是
John ought to go rather than Jean．
應(yīng)該去的是約翰，而不是吉恩．
He is a worker rather than a student．
與其說他是學(xué)生，不如說他是工人．
20 ，it makes very good sense to keep sheep or goats．
……，飼養(yǎng)綿羊或山羊倒是有意義的．
make sense有意義；講得通
She doesn’t talk much，but what she says makes sense．
她講話不多，但言之有理．
典型例題
例1．Paper money was in ___________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in __________ thirteenth century．
A．the；不填
B．the；the
C．不填；the
D．不填；不填
此題第一空in use是習(xí)語，表示在“在運(yùn)用”，不加冠詞，而第二空“13世紀(jì)”前當(dāng)然要加定冠詞“the”．因此，本題答案為C．
例2．It was only when I reread his poems recently _________ I began to appreciate their beauty．
A．until B．that C．then D．so
此題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，所以本題應(yīng)選B．
例3．Carot said the work would be done by October，_____________personally 1 doubt very much．
A．it B．that C．when D．which
此題是考查由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，而that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故本題要選D．