Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.異域風(fēng)情
Weddings in the U.S.
Weddings in the United States vary as much as the people do.There are church weddings with a great deal of fanfare1;there are weddings on mountain-tops with guests barefooted2;and there have been weddings on the ocean floor with oxygen tanks for the guests.But many weddings,no matter where or how they are performed,include certain traditional customs.
Before a couple is married,they become engaged.And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live far away.When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment.
The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.The wedding party enters the church while the wedding march is played.The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will “give her away”.The groom enters the church from a side door.When the wedding party is gathered by the altar3,the bride and groom exchange vows.It is traditional to use the words “To have and to hold from this day forward,for better,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part”.Following the vows,the couple exchange rings.Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom.After the ceremony4 there is often a party,called a “reception” which gives the wedding guests a chance to congratulate the newlyweds.
The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated5 with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words “Just Married” are painted on the trunk or back window.The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests.When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars,honking6 and drawing attention to them.And then the couple go on their honeymoon.
1.fanfare n.銅管樂聲
2.barefooted adj. 光著腳的
3.altar n.圣壇，祭壇
4.ceremony n.典禮，儀式
5.decorate v. 裝飾
6.honk/h莐/ v. 鳴笛
Ⅱ.知識(shí)歸納
1.淺析非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式結(jié)構(gòu)
非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是該非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，一般要用非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式。如何在句中使用這些被動(dòng)式呢？現(xiàn)分述如下：
（1）動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式
①用作句子的真正主語。如：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
我很榮幸應(yīng)邀在這里講話。
It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
經(jīng)常有人提醒我們自身的缺點(diǎn)是有必要的。
②用作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語。如：
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
他請求派他到西藏去工作。
He hated to be flattered.
他討厭別人對他阿諛奉承。
③用作表語。如：
What I want is to be left alone.
我只想一個(gè)人呆在這里。
The question is what is to be done next.
問題是下一步該干什么。
④用作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：
He wanted the paper to be typed at once.
他要求立刻把文件打出來。
They didn’t expect the book to be so well received.
他們沒有想到這本書受到讀者如此的厚愛。
⑤用作主語補(bǔ)足語。如：
The book are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
這些書不許帶出閱覽室。
The date is expected to be announced before long.
估計(jì)具體日期不久就會(huì)公布于眾的。
⑥用作名詞的后置定語。如：
Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy?
你打算去參加大使館的宴會(huì)嗎？
It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.
這將是中國工程師設(shè)計(jì)的第一項(xiàng)這種類型的工程。
⑦用作狀語。如：
The children are going to the hospital to be inoculated.
孩子們將去醫(yī)院打預(yù)防針。
She was not old enough to be given such heavy work.
她年齡還小，不宜讓她干這么重的活。
有時(shí)可用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式，表示當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。這樣的被動(dòng)式可在句中充當(dāng)上面所述的各種語法成分。如：
It was a good thing for him to have been criticized.
他受到批評是件好事。（to have been criticized作真正的主語）
（2）動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式
①用作句子的主語。如：
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
主人對他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。
So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.
因此被鯊魚吃掉是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。
②用作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語。如：
He didn’t mind being left at home.
他并不介意把他留在家里。
She couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
她不能容忍別人如此嘲笑她。
We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party.
我們祝賀他入黨了。
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
他們堅(jiān)持要大家把他們當(dāng)作普通工人看待。
如果要表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，則應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式。如：
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
我不記得誰曾給過我試驗(yàn)這種方法的機(jī)會(huì)。
(3)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式
①用作名詞的后置定語，表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。如：
The building being repaired is our library.
現(xiàn)在正在修維的那座樓房是我們的圖書館。
This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory.
這是我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室里正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)之一。
②用作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。如：
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)到處都在議論這個(gè)話題。
As we approached the village,we saw new houses being built.
走近村子時(shí)，我們看到那里正在蓋新房。
③構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。如：
The key having been lost,she couldn’t enter her room.
由于把鑰匙丟了，所以她進(jìn)不了屋。（The key having been lost作原因狀語）
The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.
決定作出后，下一個(gè)問題就是如何制定一個(gè)好計(jì)劃。（The decision having been made作時(shí)間狀語）
2.turn用作名詞，表示“順次”，常見的短語、句型有：
(1)by turns輪流、交替
e.g.They wash dishes by turns.
他們輪流洗碗碟。
She went hot and cold by turns.
她一陣發(fā)熱，一陣發(fā)冷。
(2)in one’s turn(常用作插入語)輪到某人也（做某事），也
e.g.They,in their turn,made a proposal.
他們接著也提出了一個(gè)建議。
（3）in turn依次，輪流
e.g.speak in turn依次發(fā)言
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理論的基礎(chǔ)是實(shí)踐，又轉(zhuǎn)過來為實(shí)踐服務(wù)。
(4)on the turn正在轉(zhuǎn)變中；（牛奶）正在變酸
e.g.His luck is on the turn.
他時(shí)來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了。
The milk is on the turn.
這牛奶快要變酸了。
(5)serve one’s/sb.’s turn合某人之用，有助于達(dá)到某人所要達(dá)到的目的
e.g.This hoe will serve my turn.
這把鋤頭我用著合適。
(6)take turns輪流，依次
e.g.The nurses and doctors take turns to be on night duty.
護(hù)士和醫(yī)生輪流值夜班。
(7)It’s one’s turn to do sth.
輪到某人做某事
e.g.It’s your turn to keep guard.
輪到你放哨了。
Ⅲ.詞語辨析
1.live on,depend on,make a living by doing sth.,live by
(1)live on表示“靠……為生/過活”時(shí)，介詞on的賓語一般是維持生命的主要食物和主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來源，也能接人，但表示的是“靠某人的錢生活”之意。如：
I don’t know what he lives on.
我不知道他以何為生。
She still lives on her parents’ wages.=She still lives on her parents.
她仍靠她父母的工資生活。
(2)如果表達(dá)“靠某人過活”,可用depend on/upon。如：
Tom has to depend on his parents(for support).
湯姆只好靠他父母過活。
Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
小孩的衣食均依賴于父母。
3.表示靠某種職業(yè)或工作為生時(shí)，�？捎胢ake a living by doing sth.或live by doing
sth.。如：
She makes a living by teaching.(=She lives by teaching.)她靠教書為生。
2.insist on,stick to,keep on,persist in
(1)insist on意思是“demand or maintain persistently”,“堅(jiān)決要求，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”，是對要求、看法、意見或主張的“堅(jiān)持”�！皁n”是介詞，后面接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：
She insisted on her opinion at the meeting.
她在會(huì)上堅(jiān)持自己的意見。
She insisted on going with us.
她堅(jiān)持要和我們一起去。
(2)“stick to”的意思是“persist in,not abandon”,是對“愿望、原則、決定、諾言、意見、理想或某種理論”的堅(jiān)持不渝�！皌o”是介詞，接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能接不定
式。如：
We should stick to the study of Marxism-Leninism.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持研究馬列主義。
We stick to the point that theory comes from practice.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持理論來源于實(shí)踐的觀點(diǎn)。
We stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.
我們堅(jiān)持正確的，修正錯(cuò)誤的。
(3)keep on意思是“continue to do”,“on”是副詞，表示克服困難，頑強(qiáng)奮斗之意，后面通常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：
They kept on until the work was finished,although they were rather tired.
雖然他們很疲勞，但還是堅(jiān)持把工作做完。
Keep on practising and you will speak English well.
堅(jiān)持多練，你就能說好英語。
(4)persist in后面常接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，表示對某種活動(dòng)堅(jiān)持不懈或?qū)δ撤N信念固執(zhí)不
改。如：
If you persist in breaking the law,you will go to prison.
如果你固執(zhí)要犯法，你將會(huì)坐牢的。
He persisted in his own belief.
他固守自己的信念。
3.recover from,get well,be well again,be all right(again)
(1)recover from…意為“從……狀態(tài)中復(fù)原”。如：
He has completely recovered from his illness.
他已完全康復(fù)。
The country has not recovered from the effects of the war.
這個(gè)國家還沒有從戰(zhàn)爭的創(chuàng)傷中恢復(fù)過來。
(2)get well,be well again,be all right(again)都是口語中表示恢復(fù)健康的用語，譯為“好了，痊愈了”。如：
I have got well.
我的病已好了。
He will soon be quite well again.
他不久就會(huì)康復(fù)的。
You will be all right again in a week or two.
一兩周后你就會(huì)好了。
4.aim at,aim for
二者的后面均可接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，都表示“目的是、旨在”的意義，一般可以換用。不同的是，aim at含“瞄準(zhǔn)、對準(zhǔn)”的意義，后既可跟表示目的的名詞，又可跟射擊的目標(biāo)。
be aimed at是aim at的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。aim for強(qiáng)調(diào)最終目的�？傊琣t強(qiáng)調(diào)“目標(biāo)”，for強(qiáng)調(diào)最終目的。如：
What she is aiming at is to win a scholarship.
她的目標(biāo)是爭取獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
He aimed(his gun)at the lion and fired,but missed him.
他瞄準(zhǔn)了獅子開了槍，但沒打中。
The visit was aimed at expanding relations between the two countries.
這次訪問的目的是發(fā)展兩國關(guān)系。
We aim for the completion of the task by the end of the year.
我們旨在年底完成任務(wù)。
Ⅳ.能力訓(xùn)練
1.單句改錯(cuò)
(1)How have you done with the letter?
答案：應(yīng)將done改為dealt或?qū)ow改為What。因?yàn)榱?xí)慣上how常與deal with連用，what常與do with連用。
(2)These girls called out their names in turns.
答案：應(yīng)將turns改為turn。因?yàn)閕n turn是一個(gè)固定介詞短語，意思是“依次、逐個(gè)地”。
（3）These agreements have an affect on both the buyer and the seller.
答案：應(yīng)將affect改為effect。因?yàn)閍ffect是動(dòng)詞，effect是名詞，在這里，have an effect on意思是“對……有影響，起作用”。
（4）My remarks were not aim at you.
答案：應(yīng)將aim改為aimed。因?yàn)閎e aimed at是一個(gè)短語，它的意思是“針對，目的是”。
（5）I’d like the question not to raised again.
答案：應(yīng)在to后加be。因?yàn)閱栴}是被提出，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
（6）The flight was delayed as the result of fog.
答案：應(yīng)將the改為a。因?yàn)閍s a result of是一個(gè)固定短語，它的意思是“由于……的
原因”。
（7）She seems to finish her work.
答案：應(yīng)將finish改為have finished。因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ絼?dòng)作是發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前的，所以應(yīng)該用不定式的完成式，即to have done。
2.根據(jù)所給漢語完成下列各句
(1)這些動(dòng)物已經(jīng)絕種。
These animals have already______ ______.
答案：died out
(2)那天我們打死打傷了大量的敵人。
That day we killed and wounded the enemy______ ______ ______.
答案：in great/huge/big/large numbers
(3)他們設(shè)宴招待代表團(tuán)。
They gave a banquet______ ______ ______the delegation.
答案：in honour of
(4)貿(mào)易擺脫了戰(zhàn)爭的影響而很快復(fù)蘇了。
Trade soon______ ______the effects of the war.
答案：recovered from
（5）他們?yōu)樽约旱某晒Χ湴痢?/p>
They______ ______ ______their success/of being so successful.
答案：were proud of
（6）昨天晚上他怎么也睡不著。
He tried______ ______to sleep last night.
答案：in vain
（7）小心別切斷你的手指頭。
Mind you don’t______your fingers______.
答案：cut，off
Ⅴ.高考真題
1.(2004上海春)Victor apologized for______to inform me of the change in the plan.
A.his being not able B.him not to be able
C.his not being able D.him to be not able
簡析：選C。根據(jù)apologize for sth.(或doing sth.)應(yīng)排除B和D；又因v.-ing的用法中，否定詞not應(yīng)放在v.-ing之前，故選C。
2.(2004上海)The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945,and their power______increased enormously ever since.
A.is B.was C.has been D.had been
簡析：選C。本題考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用法。因句中有時(shí)間狀語ever since,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
3.(2004江蘇)The man insisted______a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding
簡析：選C。本題考查動(dòng)詞短語的用法。insist on是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，on為介詞，所以
選C。
4.(2004浙江)The winter of 1990 was extremely bad.______most people say it was the worst winter of their lives.
A.At last B.In fact C.In a word D.As a result
簡析：選B。at last“最后、終于”；in a word“簡而言之”；as a result“結(jié)果是……”。根據(jù)題意選B，意為“實(shí)際上”。
5.(2004湖南)You were silly not______your car.
A.to lock B.to have locked
C.locking D.having hocked
簡析：選B。根據(jù)句意：沒有鎖車，你真是太傻了。鎖車動(dòng)作發(fā)生在太傻之前，故用不定式的完成式。
6.(2004北京)______in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A.To wait B.Have waited
C.Having waited D.To have waited
簡析：選C。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。作時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞；又因“wait”發(fā)生在“realize”之前，應(yīng)用完成式。
7.(2004北京春)
He was in hospital for six months.He felt as if he was______from the outside world.
A.cut out B.cut off C.cut up D.cut through
簡析：選B。cut out“切掉，裁剪出”；cut off“斷絕，使隔絕”；cut up“切碎”；cut through“抄近路，鑿穿”。該句意為：他在醫(yī)院呆了六個(gè)月，覺得好像與外界隔絕了似的�？梢夿為最佳答案。