Unit 13 Healthy eating
本單元重難點解釋
1．I think that vegetables are healthy food because they contain lots of vitamins.
我認(rèn)為蔬菜是不錯的食品，因為它們含有大量維生素。
contain用作及物動詞，意為“包含；包括；容納（不用進行時）；控制，抑制”。如：
What does the medicine contain, mum? 媽媽，這藥含有什么成分？
Sea water contains salt. 海水含有鹽分。
The hall can contain five hundred people. 大廳可容納500人。（=hold）
She couldn’t contain herself for joy. 她高興地難以自制。
contain與include辨析
contain指作為組成部分而被“包含”或“容納”在內(nèi)。
include側(cè)重于作為整體中的一部分而被包括進去。
How much does this bottle contain? 這個瓶子能裝多少？
Books contain knowledge. 書籍蘊含知識。
Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people. 這里所有的人，包括老人，都參加了抗洪斗爭。
Everybody had something to say, me included. 所有的人，包括我在內(nèi)，都有些話要說。
2．What’s wrong with Mike? 麥克怎么了？
本句中的wrong也可換成the matter或the trouble，意為“麻煩事，毛病，差錯”，常與介詞with連用。如：
What’s wrong/ the matter/ the trouble with your leg?
你的腿怎么啦？
相關(guān)句式
There’s nothing wrong/ the matter with the machine. 這機器沒毛病。
Something must have gone wrong with your watch. 你的表肯定有毛病了。
注意：在賓語從句中，what’s wrong/ the matter的語序不能改。如：
I asked him what was wrong/ the matter.
3．Which side of Mike’s stomach hurts? 麥克的胃部哪邊痛？
hurt在本句中用作不及物動詞，意為“疼”。如：
My arm hurts. 我胳膊疼。
Does your leg still hurt? 你的腿還疼嗎？
hurt還可作為及物動詞。如：
The wound still hurts him. 他仍然感到傷口疼。
hurt, harm, wound與injure的辨析
hurt常指精神上或肉體上的傷害，含有強烈的疼痛。
harm指對人或事物造成危害，這種危害不一定直接的，也不一定有痛楚。
wound通常指外界暴力造成創(chuàng)傷，多指槍、刀傷害，也可指感情上的傷害。
injure著重指健康、機能、外貌的傷害或損害，多指意外或事故造成傷害。
His words hurt me/ my feelings. 他的話傷了我/我的感情。
He fell and hurt his leg. 他掉下來傷了腿。
Smoking seriously harmed his health. 吸煙嚴(yán)重傷害了他的健康。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷。
Several children were injured in the accident. 好幾個孩子在那次事故中受傷。
4．I’ve got a pain here. 我這兒疼。
pain的用法
①表示身體某部位的疼時，為可數(shù)名詞。如：
She has a pain in her back/ leg/ head. 她背（腿、頭）疼。
②表示由損傷或疾疾引起的痛苦、疼痛時，為不可數(shù)名詞。如：
Her back causes her a lot of pain. 她的背使她很疼。
③表示精神上的痛苦時，為不可數(shù)名詞。如：
His harsh words caused her much pain. 他尖刻的話使她很痛苦。
④表示“努力、辛苦、操心”時，只用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
She takes great pains with her work. 她在工作上煞費苦心。
5．For lunch I had noodles, salad and later a peach. I didn’t have any supper because I didn’t feel very well.
午飯我吃了面條、沙拉，然后又吃了一個桃子。我因為感到不舒服所以晚飯沒吃東西。
①for lunch中的for是介詞，構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)have…for…如：
What did you have for breakfast?
He had nothing for supper.
②feel very well中的well不是副詞，而是形容詞，意為“健康的”。如：
She is well in health. 她身體很健康。
6．Was the peach ripe or green? You ought to be careful with fruit.
桃子熟不熟？吃水果你該小心。
①句子中的green作“沒有成熟的”解，是ripe（成熟的）反義詞。例如：
The cherries are still too green to pick. 這些櫻桃還太生，不能摘。
另外，green還可以表示“對環(huán)境無害的”，如閱讀材料中第3段第6行的句子：…（who）have tried to use green and clean ways to make the foods（盡量使用綠色干凈的方式制作食品）。
green也可意為“無經(jīng)驗的，沒有受過訓(xùn)練的”。如：
He is still green at this job. 他對這件工作還很生疏。
②be careful with fruit = be careful in eating fruit意為“吃水果時小心”。
7．It was a bit green. 它有點生。
①a bit和a little在肯定句中修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞及其比較級，可以換用。表示“一點兒”。如：
The speaker spoke up a bit/ a little so as to make himself heard more clearly. 演講者把嗓音提高一點，以便使別人聽得清楚。
②a bit和a little在否定句中，意思正好相反。
not a bit=not at all
not a little=very much
試比較：I’m not a bit tired. 我一點也不累。
I’m not a little tired. 我非常累。
③a little可直接作名詞的定語，而a bit則要在后面加of構(gòu)成短語才能作定語，二者都只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。如：
There’s only a little/ a bit of food left for lunch. 午餐只剩一點兒食品了。
注意：a bit of的復(fù)數(shù)是bits of，而a little不能變復(fù)數(shù)。
8．And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in the future.
我建議你將來不要吃不熟的水果。
1）advise意為“建議，忠告，勸告”，常用于下面五種結(jié)構(gòu)：
①advise+n./ pron.
②advise sb.（not）to do sth.
③advise doing sth.
④advise sb. against（doing）sth.
⑤advise sb. +that sb.（should）do sth. （從句中用should do的虛擬語氣）
The doctor advises a change of air. 醫(yī)生建議換換空氣。
The doctor advised me to take more exercise. 醫(yī)生建議我多做運動。
We advised waiting till the proper time. 我們建議等待適當(dāng)?shù)臅r機。
His parents advised him against (doing) wrong. 他父母告誡他不要做壞事。
I advised him that he (should) attend the meeting. 我勸他參加這次會議。
advice是advise的名詞形式，它是一個不可數(shù)名詞。常用于：give（some）
advice on sth./ how to do…；ask for advice; follow/ take sb’s advice等。
2）in the future作“將來”（in time yet to come）解。
試比較in future作“今后”（from now on）解。例如：
You’d better not go out alone in future. 今后你最好不要單獨外出。
No one knows what will happen in the future. 沒人知道將來會發(fā)生什么事情。
9．Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.
選擇吃什么東西不再像以前那么容易了。
What to do是疑問詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作賓語，另外這一結(jié)構(gòu)也可作主語、表語、定語等。如：
①what to do next hasn’t been decided yet.（主語）
②I don’t know whether to answer it.（賓語）
③The question is how to put it into practice.（表語）
問題是如何把它付諸實踐。
④They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.
關(guān)于應(yīng)當(dāng)選誰的問題，他們交換了意見。（介詞短語）
⑤The key with which to open the door has been lost.
開這扇門的鑰匙不見了。（定語）
注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)含有情態(tài)意義，它相當(dāng)于一個帶should的從句。如第②題I don’t know whether I should answer it.
10．Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our bodies is also different.
像我們的生活方式一樣，我們的飲食習(xí)慣已發(fā)生了變化，我們身體所需要的燃料也不同了。
as在句中引起方式狀語從句，此處采用了省略形式，并且是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，若改用正常語序則為as our way of life has changed。
as引起的方式狀語從句中一般采用正常語序，但在正式語體中，也可采用倒裝語序。如：
She plays the piano, as does her mother. 她和她母親一樣，會彈鋼琴。
She looks forward, as does her secretary, to the completion of the building. 她像她秘書那樣盼望大樓竣工。
11．Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st century person.
對于21世紀(jì)的人來說，傳統(tǒng)飲食常常含有太多的脂肪和太多的卡路里。
①diet與food的區(qū)別：diet和food都可作“食物”解。但diet指的是習(xí)慣的食物或規(guī)定的食物，特指維持健康的定量或定質(zhì)的食物，如病人的療養(yǎng)飲食。food是一般的詞語，凡能吃喝的東西都可稱為food。如：
The doctor has ordered me a special diet. 醫(yī)生給我安排了特殊的飲食。
Proper diet and exercise are both important for health.
Milk is the natural food for young babies.
②too much與too many的區(qū)別
too much可以作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞，也可用作副詞，修飾動詞。例如：
There is too much rain here in spring. 春天這里的雨水太多。
She talked too much at the meeting. 她在會上講得太多了。
too many可作形容詞，修飾可數(shù)名詞。
③calorie=calory卡路里或卡，指食物所產(chǎn)生的熱量，也可以作熱量單位。例如：
One thin piece of bread has 90 calories. 一薄片面包有九十卡路里的熱量。
12．If you want to keep up with the high pace of modern life, we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
要是我們想跟上現(xiàn)代生活的快節(jié)奏，我們最好在吃的東西和吃的方式上學(xué)會做出合適的選擇。
keep up with意為“跟上，不落后于”，表示并肩前進，并駕齊驅(qū)。如：
John finds it difficult to keep up with the rest of the class in maths.
約翰發(fā)現(xiàn)在數(shù)學(xué)方面很難跟上班里的其他同學(xué)。
Can you walk a little slower? I can’t keep up with you.
你能走慢一點嗎？我跟不上你。
catch up with 是指在已經(jīng)落后的情況下“追上，趕上”。如：
He was behind in his studies because of illness, but he is catching up with the others now.
他因為生病學(xué)習(xí)落后了，但現(xiàn)在正在奮起直追。
13．Calcium, which is found in eggs, milk and other dairy products, is good for our bones and teeth.
雞蛋、牛奶及其他乳制品所含的鈣對我們的骨骼和牙齒有好處。
①be good for意為“對……有好處”（反義短語為be bad for）如：
Walking is good for our health.
Milk is good for children. 牛奶對孩子有好處。
②product指任何體力勞動或腦力勞動所生產(chǎn)的東西，含義最廣，是可數(shù)名詞。
production指生產(chǎn)的動作或產(chǎn)量，也指生產(chǎn)的結(jié)果，還特指藝術(shù)作品。
produce作名詞時，指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、天然產(chǎn)物或工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的總稱，是不可數(shù)名詞。
They must have new markets for their products. 他們的產(chǎn)品必須得有新市場。
The plan was the product of many hours of careful thought.
這個計劃是經(jīng)過數(shù)小時深思熟慮的產(chǎn)物。
The factory was built for the production of cars.
建造這家工廠是為了生產(chǎn)汽車。
Production is up this month. 這個月產(chǎn)量增長了。
Several new productions will appear on Broadway this month.
這個月要在百老匯上演好幾部新作品。
The farmers brought their produce to town early each morning.
農(nóng)民們每天清早把他們的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品帶到城里。
14．Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe.
今天，許多人基于他們自己的看法對飲食習(xí)慣做出選擇。
based on what they believe是過去分詞短語作狀語，修飾主句謂語。如：
We’ll spend the night locked in your room.
我們要反鎖在你的房間里度過這一夜。
15．Eating habits become part of who we are.
飲食習(xí)慣成為我們的一部分特征。
part of who we are表明飲食習(xí)慣在一定程度上反映出我們是什么樣的人，也就是說，通過飲食習(xí)慣可以看出一個人的一些特點。
16．We also make choices based on how the products are grown or made: environmentally friendly foods, or “eco-foods”, are made by companies who have tried to use green and clean ways to make the foods.
我們也根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的種植與加工手段做出選擇：綠色食品或“生態(tài)食品”是由那些盡量使用綠色或干凈的辦法生產(chǎn)出的。
①based on how the products are grown or made是過去分詞短語作方式狀語，how引起賓語從句，作介詞on的賓語。who have tried to use green and clean ways to make the foods是定語從句修飾companies，此處who表示公司里的人，若用which則表示公司這一地方。
②foods表示各種各樣的食品，所以用了復(fù)數(shù)，若單純表示數(shù)量，則food是不可數(shù)名詞。
17．Because we have so much to choose from, many companies and stores offer advice about what we should eat.
因為我們有這么多東西可以選擇，許多公司和商店都對我們該吃什么提出建議。
to choose from是后置定語，修飾so much，構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。
choose與choose from的辨析
choose意為“選中”，“選出”
choose from意為“從……中挑選”，from后接選擇的范圍
Have you chosen a hat yet? 你選了帽子了嗎？
There’re different kinds of toys to choose from.
18．The same goes for “crash diets” that some companies say will make us lose weight fast.
有些公司建議我們用來快速減肥的“速成食療”也是如此。
①go在本句中意為“行得通，起作用”。再如：
This truth goes everywhere. 這個真理到處適用。
go也可意為“流傳；表達”。如：
As the saying goes, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
俗話說，雙鳥在林不如一鳥在手。
②some companies say是定語從句中的插入語，這種插入語應(yīng)位于關(guān)系代詞之后。如：
Choose the one answer which you think is correct in the following.
在下列句子里選擇一個你認(rèn)為正確的答案。
19．We ought to learn more about our body and the fuel it needs to keep fit. Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.
對于我們的身體以及身體所需要的燃料我們應(yīng)多加了解。只有這樣我們才能做好充分準(zhǔn)備，以應(yīng)對生活中的挑戰(zhàn)與機遇。
①it needs是定語從句，修飾fuel；so that引起目的狀語從句。
②be well prepared for=be ready for意為“為……做好充分準(zhǔn)備”，表示一種狀態(tài)，be若換成get則表示動作，不延續(xù)。如：
We are well prepared for the exam now. 現(xiàn)在我們已為考試做好了充分準(zhǔn)備。
Have you got prepared for the sports meet?
比較：be preparing for意為“在為……做準(zhǔn)備”。如：
Bob is preparing for the exam. 鮑勃正為考試做準(zhǔn)備。
When I’m preparing for my performance, I don’t like to be interrupted.
我正為表演做準(zhǔn)備時，不喜歡被別人打擾。
③only后面跟介詞短語，作狀語時，引起部分倒裝。
20．If our body is short of any of its kind, we will become sick.
如果我們的身體缺乏任何這一類物質(zhì)，我們就會生病。
be short of作“缺乏，不足”解。例如：
They are short of nothing but time. 他們不缺任何東西只缺時間。
21．Even if we choose nutritious food for our main meals, we probably still need to refuel now and then.
即使我們選擇營養(yǎng)食品作為我們的主餐，我們有時可能仍需要補充燃料。
①even if=even though意為“即使”。如：
He will come even if he is ill. 即使病了，他也會來的。
Even if they offered to pay, I wouldn’t accept any money from them.
即使他們主動提出付款，我也不會收他們的錢的。
②now and then意為“有時（不時地），偶爾”，表示不經(jīng)常發(fā)生（sometimes，but not often）如：
I see him now and then, but not often. 我偶爾看見他，但不常見。
I like to go to the opera now and then. 我有時喜歡去看歌劇。
22．We can give our body and brain more energy by eating snacks.
通過小吃我們可以給我們的身體和大腦提供更多的能量。
①brain表示“大腦、頭腦”時，既可以是可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞，如：
He’s nice, but hasn’t got much brain. 他人不錯，但沒大有頭腦。
The man has a fine brain. 這人腦子很好用。
brain表示“頭腦、智慧”時常用brains，此時為不可數(shù)名詞。如：
Brains is more than just education. 有頭腦不僅指受過教育。
He has much brains. 他很有頭腦。
23．Best of all, they taste great!
最棒的是，它們味道好極了！
best of all意為“最好的是，最突出的是”。如：
Best of all, the medicine can help you sleep.
最佳的是，這藥對你的睡眠有幫助作用。
24．Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are-all we have to do is clean or peel them.
多數(shù)水果本身就是甜的，我們可以不用加工就吃--所有要做的是就是洗凈、去皮。
①the way they are中的they are是定語從句，the way后接定語從句時，一般用in which引導(dǎo)，也可以省略，也可換成that。如：
These are some of the ways in which they can be used.
He doesn’t speak the way (that) I do. 他說話方式不像我。
②all we have to do is clean and peel them中clean and peel是省去to的動詞不定式，當(dāng)主語部分含有實義動詞do時，作表語的不定式可以省略to。如：
The only thing I can do is lie in bed. 我唯一能做的就是躺在床上。
What you should have done was press the button.
你本該做到的就是按下這個按鈕。