參考教案 教學建議
教學建議（Suggested teaching notes）
一、教學內容分析
本單元核心話題是“購物”（shopping），聽說讀寫的活動都是圍繞這個話題開展的。本單元重點教學內容有以下幾個：
（一）掌握有關“購物”的日常交際用語
（二）過去完成時的構成
初中英語教學大綱只要求學生理解過去完成時的構成和用法。教師可以考慮把第二十三單元過去完成時的基本用法提到本單元一并講解。學生容易從字面上理解過去完成時，認為過去完成的動作就用過去完成時，這樣就會在該用一般過去時的地方誤用過去完成時。應當向學生講清：過去完成時是一個相對的時態，表示的時間是過去的過去。只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到這個時態。這個時態常用于賓語從句中。
（三）由 so…that… 引導的表示結果的狀語從句
學生往往容易把 so…that 中的that作為從句中的主語或賓語。如：
誤：The film was so interesting that made everybody laugh.
正：The film was so interesting that it made everybody laugh.
（四）并列連詞for的用法
并列連詞for的用法，只要求理解。可只介紹for用來說明一種理由，是對前面分句的解釋和補充說明，一般不放在句首，通常用逗號分開。
（五）連詞 either…or… （兩者之中）不是……就是……
either…or… 是并列連詞，連接兩個并列的成份。如并列主語、并列賓語、并列謂語、并列表語等。要講清當 either…or… 連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞一般要和最近的主語（即or后面的主語）一致。
二、教學方法建議
（一）教學“購物（shopping）”的日常用語
本單元教學的主要交際項目是有關“購物（shopping）”的日常用語。這個交際項目曾在第一冊第29單元、第二冊第53課和本冊第7和15單元出現過。本單元的教學應在歸納總結以前知識的基礎上，采用多種教學手段和教學形式，使學生對“購物”這項交際項目有更全面的了解，并逐步掌握購物過程中“挑選物品、詢問價格、做出決定”的不同表達形式。建議教師采用如下教學步驟：
教師準備出示畫有shop, sweater, shoes 的圖片或學習用品的實物，并要求一位學習好的學生配合教師演示如下對話：
1．（出示 sweater 圖片）
T: My sweater is worn out.
S: You can buy one in the shop, It sells clothes there.
T: I want to go shopping now. Can you come with me, please? I can't decide which sweater to buy.
S: Let me help you.
2．S shopkeeper: What can I do for you?
C customer: I'd like two woolen sweaters for my friend.
S: Well, which colour do you like?
C: Blue.
S: What size do you want?
C: Size Ten.
S: What about this one?
C：It looks nice. Can I try it on, please?
S: Certainly.
C: Well, how much does it cost?
S: Eighty-five yuan.
C: Oh. That's cheap. I'll have it, please.
以上兩段對話基本上是在復習以前所學的有關購物的表達法，其間穿插了一些本單元第81課要學習的詞語和句子。這樣通過看教師的演示，學生復習、鞏固了以往所學的知識，并逐漸接觸新語言點，為下一步學習做好輔墊。
在學生們理解的基礎上，教師出示shoes的圖片，再次演示以上對話（注意對話中名詞、代詞及謂語動詞等要作相應的變化），并將主要句型板書于黑板上。然后全班、半班操練，以鞏固這些句型。
下一步教師要學生聽第81課第1部分錄音。然后全班、半班、行排、兩人一組分角色練習這段對話。
教第二部分對話時，教師可要學生聽錄音數遍或與事前安排好的學生演示數遍，使學生熟悉對話內容。在他們未學過的語句上，教師予以強調。然后分角色進行全班、半班、行排、兩人小組操練。
最后教師引導學生歸納總結“購物（shopping）”的日常交際用語。
選購物品：售貨員可以說以下的話：
Can I help you? What can I do for you? Which would you like? How many / much do you want? Is that all? Do you like…? What about…? Which one / colour / … do you like? What size do you want? Is this one better? OK / Certainly. Here you are. NO hurry. Please take your time! I'm afraid we haven't got any… in that size at the moment. I'm sorry. We've sold out the… in your size. But we've got some… ones.
顧客可以說的話：
I want to buy ( some ) …(for…) this evening / afternoon / morning. Thank you. / Yes, please. I want… of…, please. I would like…of…, please. I'd like…for…. No. And some…, please. I want some…. About…（數量）, please. We'll / I'll have a look at the…. Thank you. I like the colour, but it's / they're too…. / No, the colour's too…. It's great, but it's not… enough. / They are great, but they're not… enough. I prefer…, but this…is too…! That's too…. Yes. That's just right. Have you got any other kind/ colour / size? That looks nice / great. Can / May I try them / it on, Please? Have you got anything cheaper?
談論價格并做決定：（顧客） How much does it cost? / How much do they cost? How much are these things? That's (much) too expensive, I'm afraid. That's (quite) cheap / dear. That's a bit expensive. I like it, but it costs too much. / I like them, but they cost too much. I can't decide. I'll take it. I'll just buy….
售貨員： Let me see…. （價格）， please…. yuan / dollars. You haven't paid for it yet. That's the cheapest / most expensive… we have, I'm afraid.
做練習冊第81課練習1、2以鞏固所學知識。先兩人一組操練，然后抽查數組。
練習冊第84課練習1、3同樣是為了操練“購物（shopping）”日常用語而設置的。這兩個練習可放在第82、83課閱讀教學之后讓學生練習，以達到熟練運用所學知識的目的。
（二）閱讀教學
第82和83課是一個題為“Shopping”的有故事情節的閱讀課文。因為在第81課已經大量操練了購物用語，而第82和83課中有許多這樣的日常用語，所以將這兩課合在一起教學，不致于增加教學難度，又可保持課文的完整性。
首先，教師借助4幅簡筆畫，講述課文。
教師邊講述邊將關鍵詞（key words）寫在每幅圖旁邊，以幫助學生理解、復述課文。
圖1：left school, start work, decided to buy…
a… shop near his home, had opened…, …shoes were… and
were not… right size, either…or…
圖2：look at…suit, try…on, look at himself in…, had never…before, some nice jackets, put…in a bag
圖3：came into the shop, so… to see each other that…, talked on and on
圖4：Haven't … forgotten…? hadn't paid, took out
教師借助簡筆畫講述課文兩遍后，要求學生全班回答練習冊第82、83課練習1的問題。然后半班、行排分段復述課文，再讓個人分段復述課文。接著四人一組分角色（narrator, John, shopkeeper, Ron）復述課文。全班舉行課堂小競賽，看哪一組復述得最好。做練習冊第82、83課練習2。
閱讀《閱讀訓練》第21單元練習1的短文。
（三）語法教學
1．過去完成時態的教學
教學時態的最好形式之一是在一定的語境中通過與其他時態的比較來加深學生對這個時態的理解，這樣學生首先有個感性認識，然后經過歸納總結，這種感性認識會逐步上升為理性認識。本單元第一次教學過去完成時，而在本冊第6、8、9單元教學了現在完成時態，第二冊第11、12、13、15單元學習了一般過去時態。
教師首先讓學生復習第82和83課課文，讓他們找出含有過去完成時和現在完成時的句子。如：
1) … John had just left school for the last time.
2) … for it had opened only the week before.
3) “We've sold out the shoes in your size. ”
4) He had never worn a suit before, …
5) “I haven't seen you for months! ”
6)“You haven't paid for it yet! ”
7) … but he hadn't paid for it!
讓學生觀察過去完成時與現在完成時在構成上的差異，如had或have + 過去分詞，時間狀語的不同。
再要求學生比較過去完成時與一般過去時的不同，并且畫出時間線，以比較兩種時態。
教師此時再讓學生思考已找出的句子的前后語境，尤其要區分一般過去時與過去完成時的不同用法。本單元出現的過去完成時態句子除上例2）之外，均不帶時間狀語，所以學生只要掌握過去完成時在什么情況下使用，表達什么時間意義即可，因為下一單元還會繼續學習這個時態。根據上例1）、2）、4）、7），變化主語的數，要求學生做相應的句型轉換練習，其中包括陳述句，疑問句及其肯定與否定回答。具體句型參見Checkpoint 21。
2．由 so…that 引導的狀語從句的教學
由 so…that 引導的狀語從句是本單元另一個語法重點。這個語法點并不難理解，教師應使學生認識這個句型表達的意思；so后面是跟形容詞還是副詞由so前面的謂語動詞類型決定。
教師事先準備好畫有jacket, shoes, socks, shirt, sweater, suit, trousers 等衣物的圖片，以及寫有 cost so much, cost so little, cheap, expensive, long, small等詞的卡片。把 he, she, we, they, John, I 寫在黑板上，然后出示相應的圖片和卡片，造句如下：
The jacket cost so much that he didn't buy it.
This pair of trousers are so long that I can't wear them.
…
教師先讓全班做快速口頭造句練習，然后板書一部分例句，簡要分析這個句型的構成及意義和使用場合。接著半班，行排之間進行快速口頭連鎖造句比賽。兩組輪流造句，不能重復。教師限定時間，造句多且準確的組為優勝。接著要求學生口頭完成練習冊第83課練習3和第84課練習2。檢查核對答案后，學生根據課本第83課第三部分Practise、第84課第二部分Study and practise和上面口頭完成的兩個練習，筆頭造句。并要他們注意使用不同類型的謂語動詞。對造句子多且好的學生應予以獎勵。
（四）詞匯教學
本單元第84課第二部分 Study and practise，練習冊第81課練習3、4；第82課練習 3；第83課練習2、4都從不同角度涉及到了詞匯的學習和運用。
例如：課本第84課第二部分教學了與原形動詞同形的過去式。現將已學過的此類動詞歸類如下：
cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, read, must.
練習冊第83課練習4教學了常見形容詞后綴-ful, -y 和表示否定意義的前綴un-。左邊一組詞加后綴-ful由動詞變成形容詞；中間一組詞加前綴后，變成原詞的反義詞而詞類未變；右邊一組詞加后綴-y后，由名詞變成形容詞。教師應引導學生在平時學習中積累這方面的例詞。如本單元中可變化的詞：certainly-uncertainly, cost-costly, expensive-inexpensive。
參考教案 Unit 21 Shopping 教學參考資料 示例二
教學參考資料（Reference for teaching）
補充注釋（Additional notes）
1. My shoes are worn out. 我的鞋穿破了。
be worn out形式上是wear out的被動形式，但實際上不強調被動，而強調狀態或情況。因此這里worn out相當于一個形容詞短語。be worn out表示“穿破了，穿舊了”。
2. I'm looking for a pair of black shoes. 我在找一雙黑顏色的鞋子。
a pair of shoes 一雙鞋， a pair of gloves 一副手套。要壓意在glasses（眼鏡）， trousers（褲子）等由兩部分合在一起的單件物品前要用 pair來修飾。如：a pair of glasses 一副眼鏡，a pair of trousers 一條褲子， a pair of stockings 一雙長統襪。
3. What size do you want? 你要多大號的？
就衣服、鞋類等尺寸大小的提問常用 what size。如：
What size (of) shoes do you wear? 你穿多大號的鞋？
What size is your bedroom? 你臥室的房間有多大？
4. I'll think about it. 我要想一想。
think 常與介詞或副詞連用，如：think about 考慮；think of 想到，想；think out 想出，等。
5. I don't think I'll take it. 我想我不會買。
由于英文的表述方式和漢語的表述方式不同，學生在翻譯時容易出錯。在英語里，當think 后面的賓語從句含有否定概念，通常形式上否定think，而實際意義上否定賓語從句。又如：
I don't think it's right. 我認為這是不對的。
I don't think she will come. 我認為她不會來。
6. That's much too expensive! 這太貴了！
much在這里起強調作用。
7. They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他們相互見面時如此高興以致于把別的事都忘了。
so是副詞，在其后跟形容詞或副詞 +that 引出結果狀語從句，表示“如此……以致……”。如：
He spoke so fast that I could not understand him. 他說得這樣快，我聽不懂他的話。
The book is so interesting that we all like to read it. 這本書如此有趣，我們都喜歡看。
注意在由 so…that 引導的狀語從句中，如果so前面是系動詞be, become, feel 等，那么so后面一般跟形容詞。例如：
He became so angry that he couldn't speak. 他氣得話都說不出來了。
She was so happy that she danced. 她高興得跳起舞來。
如果so的前面是實義動詞，那么so后面跟副詞。例如：
He ran so quickly that he won the race. 他跑得非常快，以致于贏得這場比賽。
She worked so quietly that no one knew she was there. 她如此安靜地工作著，（以致于）沒有人知道她在那兒。
參考教案 Unit 21 Shopping 教學步驟 Lesson 82 示例二
Lesson 82
Step 1 Revision
1 Revise the names of clothing, colours and materials.
2 Practise the dialogues that the Ss learnt for homework.
Step 2 Preparing for reading
SB page 82. Tell the Ss Look at the picture. what can you see? What's John doing? Today we are going to read about John going shopping. Read this passage quickly and find the answer to this question: What did John buy? (A jacket)
Wb Lesson 82, Ex. 1. Read through the questions with the Ss. Make sure they understand them.
Step 3 Reading
Tell the Ss to read the story again more carefully and to discuss the answers to Wb Ex. 1 in pairs. Check the answers with the whole class.
Deal with any grammatical or lexical problems that arise.
Notes:
1) The position of quite: quite + adjective (e. g. quite new); but quite + a / an + adjective + noun ( e. g. quite a nice shop) .
2) Either…or… Here, this construction is used to describe what was wrong with the shoes: some pairs were too big, other pairs were too small.
3) That's the cheapest suit we have, I'm afraid. The relative pronoun is omitted ( we have = that / which we have). The word order is very different from Chinese. The Ss are required to understand the meaning of the sentence only.
Step 4 Reading aloud
SB page 82. Speech Cassette Lesson 82. Play the tape for the Ss to listen and repeat. Concentrate on the dialogue sections of the story.
Step 5 Workbook
Wb Exx. 1 and 2. If you wish, you may ask your Ss to write down the answers to Ex. 1 in their exercise books.
Get the Ss to do Ex. 2 orally in pairs before you check the answers with the whole class. The answers to Ex. 2 are: 1 C, 2 B 3 A, 4 B, 5 A.
Wb Ex 3 should be done orally in class. The answer are: 1 buy, pair of new; 2 either, or; 3 sold out; 4 put on, at himself; 5 tried on, chose; 6 cheaper; 7 right, take.
Step 6 Consolidation
Books closed! Get the Ss to retell the story. You can use the questions in Wb Ex. 1 as a guide.
If time permits, ask the Ss to act out the story in pairs Get one pair to act it out in front of the whole class.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Ex. 4 is optional. Ask the Ss to read the story again, try to use their own words to retell the story.
Prepare for the story in Lesson 83
參考教案 Unit 21 Shopping 教學步驟 Lesson 83 示例二
Lesson 83
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework.
2 Get the Ss to retell the story in Lesson 82. Use the questions in Wb Lesson 82, Ex. 1 as a guide.
Step 2 Reading
SB page 83, Part 1. Allow the Ss a few moments to read the end of the story. Then ask Who did John meet? ( His old friend, Ron. )
Then books closed! Get the Ss to retell the end of the story. Use the questions in Wb Lesson 83 Ex. 1 to guide you.
Books open. Read through the story with the Ss: get Ss to read it aloud. Deal with any grammatical or lexical problems. Note the use of the Past Perfect Tense in he had chosen a new jacket, but he hadn't paid for it. Make sure the Ss understand the meaning, but there's no need to present the tense to them at this stage.
Step 3 Reading aloud
SB page 83, Part 1, Speech Cassette Lesson 83. Play the tape for the Ss to listen and repeat. Once again, concentrate on the dialogue sections of the story. Let the Ss practise the dialogue sections in groups of three (John, Ron and the shopkeeper).
Step 4 Presentation
Draw the picture of old shoes on the Bb (or the real thing) (See TB Lesson 81, Step 2). Say This pair of shoes are so old that I can't wear them.
Show the Ss a bag. Pretend it is very heavy. Say This bag is so heavy that I can't carry it .
Repeat the sentences and get the Ss to say them. Write them on the Bb Highlight the use of so + adjective + that (result).
Give some more examples, e. g. This desk is so big that I can't move it. This window is so dirty that we must clean it.
See if the Ss can make up examples.
Step 5 Read and learn
SB page 83, Part 2 Read through the sentences with the Ss. Get the Ss to learn them by heart. Books closed! Ask the Ss to recite the sentences.
Step 6 Practice
SB page 83, Part 3. Read through the words in the box. Make up an example. Get individual Ss to make up more examples. Then let the Ss work in pairs: see how many different sentences they can make. Finally, collect some sentences from the Ss.
Step 7 Workbook
Wb Exx. 2 and 3.
Do Ex. 3 first Go through the model with the whole class, then let the Ss work alone, writing the answers in their exercise books. Check the answers with the whole class.
Let the Ss write the answers to Ex. 2 (on, at, up, into, At, into, for, on, on, up, towards, of, for, at, in, at, for, for, with).
Step 8 Consolidation
Get the Ss to retell the whole story of John's shopping trip.
Homework
Finish off the workbook exercises.
Do Wb Ex. 4 and make sure the Ss understand the meaning of the words.
Write the so…that… sentences in Ex. 3 in the exercise books.
參考教案 Unit 21 Shopping 教學步驟 Lesson 84 示例二
Lesson 84
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework (Wb lesson 83, Ex. 4). 2 Revise the story of John's shopping trip and act the dialogue sections in close pairs first, then in open pairs.
Step 2 Listening
Tell the Ss Today we are going to hear about a girl who goes shopping.
Wb Lesson 84, Ex. 1. Go through the words in the table and make sure the Ss understand what they have to do.
Play the tape once or twice. Let the Ss check their answers in pairs, then check the answers with the whole class.
Listening text
Listen to the tape, and tick the right answers in the form on page 84 of your workbook.
MAN: What can I do for you, madam?
WOMAN: I'm looking for a coat for my daughter. MAN: Here, madam, here're coats for girls. WOMAN: The red one on the right looks very nice, doesn't it? Do you like it, dear?
GIRL: No, Mum, I don't like red very much. I prefer green.
MAN: Green? What about that green one over there? How do you like that?
GIRL: It's nice, isn't it?
WOMAN: Yes. How much is it?
MAN: 280 dollars.
WOMAN: That's too expensive. I'm afraid.
MAN: A wollen coat like that isn't expensive. But I can find you a cheaper one. What do you think of this one? It's only 250 dollars.
WOMAN: That'll be all right. Alice, please try it on, will you?
GIRL: Yes, Mum.
WOMAN: Hmm, it looks very nice, but it's a bit large.
GIRL: Never mind. It'll be all right before long. You always say I'm growing fast, don't you?
WOMAN: That's quite true. We'll take it then. The answers are: Alice, a coat, green, 250 dollars, a bit large, wool.
Step 3 Presentation
Revise so + adjective + that, as in TB Lesson 83, Step 4. Then introduce so + adverb + that:
Write some untidy words on the Bb. Say I wrote so badly that you couldn't read my writing.
Speak very quietly, then say I spoke so quietly that you couldn't hear me.
Write the two sentences on the Bb. Point out the use of so + adverb + that (result).
Step 4 Study and practise
SB page 84, Part 2. Look at the table and point out the use of so + adverbs in the first column.
Then discuss the Simple Past forms of cost/ hit/ hurt/ let/ cut. Ask the Ss if they can think of another verb like these (e. g. put).
Contrast them with regular verbs. Give an example from the table, e. g.
He hurt her so badly that she had to see the doctor. Then get individual Ss to make up more examples.
Step 5 Checkpoint 21
Go through Checkpoint 21. Give the Ss more practice in the use of so + adjective/ adverb + that (result) as necessary. Deal with any other problems that the Ss have.
Practise the“useful expressions”and make sure the Ss understand their meaning and when to use them.
Step 6 Test
(See TB Appendix page 215. )
Step 7 Workbook
Wb Ex. 2 should be done orally in class. The answers are: 1 young, 2 tired, 3 lazy, 4 weak, 5 cold, 6 hard / well, 7 well, 8 slowly, 9 badly, 10 loudly. Wb Ex. 3. Practise the dialogues with the whole class, then let Ss work in pairs. Ask some pairs to act out their dialogue.
Step 8 Homework
Do Wb Ex. 2. Ask the Ss to write complete sentences in their exercise books.
Revise the new language points in this unit. Make up shopping dialogues in pairs.