科目 英語(yǔ)
年級(jí) 初三
文件 middle3 unit21.1.doc
標(biāo)題 shopping
章節(jié) 第二十一單元
關(guān)鍵詞
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【 拋磚引玉 】
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
bit , size , suit , dollar , perhaps , retell , dinner , pardon , brush , simple , finger , be worn out , dark blue suit , either… or light green dress , the following week , a bit , think about , sell out , never mind , so … that , be busy doing , on and on , just a moment , in surprise , fall over
Ⅱ. 句型學(xué)習(xí)
My shoes are worn out .
How much does it cost ?
They were either too big or too small .
The suit was so expensive that he could not buy it .
Ⅲ . 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)
1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
2. 由 so… that … 引導(dǎo)的表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。
【 指點(diǎn)迷津 】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1 . pair 一對(duì)；一雙
I need a pair of shoes .
The children came in pairs .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗pair可作量詞連接可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，如：a pair of glasses 一幅眼睛。two pairs of paper兩張紙。 a pair of new shoes 一雙新鞋。in pairs 成雙，成對(duì)。
2 . size 尺寸；大小
What size shoes do you wear ?
This book ( house ) is the same size as that .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗medium - sized 中號(hào) ( 型 ) 的，large - sized 大號(hào) ( 型 ) 的。the same size as …同…一樣大。
3 . bit 一點(diǎn)兒；小片
Have you a little bit of bread ?
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗 a bit 用于形容詞前，指“有點(diǎn)，相當(dāng)”，a bit of 用于名詞前，表示一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)
。not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不，而 not a little 相當(dāng)于 very。
4 . suit 一套 ( 衣服 ) ；西服
Father bought him a suit of new clothes .
His new suit doesn't fit well .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗 suit 還可作動(dòng)詞用表示： ( 衣服、顏色等 ) 合身、適合，如：The new dress suits you very well .
5 . name 1 ) 命名；名叫；說(shuō)出……名字
I know a girl named Joan .
Can you name all the flowers in the garden ?
2 ) 名字，姓名，名稱
Her name is Mary .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗name sb . sth 給某人起名叫……。Someone named … 名叫……的一個(gè)人。
6 . for 因?yàn)?( 連詞 )
I asked her to stay to tea , for I had something to tell her .
We must start early for we have a long way to go .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗for 常引導(dǎo)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的理由原因。不能回答 why 提出的問(wèn)題。
7 . dollar 美元
Dollar is a unit of money used in the U . S . A , Canada , and some other countries .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗dollar 前有數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，dollar 須加 -s。
8 . perhaps 可能；也許
Perhaps he will be there , but perhaps he won't .
Perhaps she wasn't angry with you .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗perhaps 也許，是“也許如此，也許不如此”的意思。語(yǔ)氣很委婉、相當(dāng)于 maybe。
9 . retell 重述；重講
The children are asked to retell the story .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗retell 是由動(dòng)詞 tell 加前綴 re - 構(gòu)成，前綴 re - 表示“又、再、重”。如：rewrite 重寫。
10 . dinner 正餐；宴會(huì)
It's time for dinner .
I'm busy cooking dinner .
Shall we give a dinner for her birthday ?
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗表示“吃飯”的動(dòng)詞，英國(guó)人一般用 have , 美國(guó)人用 eat , dinner 前加冠詞表示一頓一頓的飯食，不用冠詞時(shí)，通常表示吃飯這件事。
11 . pardon 原諒；寬恕；對(duì)不起
Pardon me for being late .
Please pardon me for waking you .
I beg your pardon . I don't know this was your seat .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗I beg your pardon . = Beg your pardon . = Pardon . 讀升調(diào)時(shí)，意思是“請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f(shuō)一遍”。讀降調(diào)時(shí)，意思是“請(qǐng)?jiān)彛瑢?duì)不起”。 pardon sb . for ……原諒某人……
12 . dirty 臟的
My dress is getting dirty .
Wash your dirty face ( hands ) .
13 . brush 1 ) 刷；擦 ( 動(dòng)詞 ) 2 ) 刷子 ( 名詞 )
Brush your teeth every morning .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗a tooth brush 牙刷 / a clothes brush 衣刷 a writing brush 毛筆
14 . simple 簡(jiǎn)單的；簡(jiǎn)易的；簡(jiǎn)樸的
The book is written in simple English .
The old man lived a simple life .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗live a simple life 過(guò)樸素的生活
16 . finger 手指
We use our fingers to feel and pick up things .
〖 點(diǎn)撥 〗大姆指：thumb , the forefinger 食指 , the middle finger 中指, the ring finger 無(wú)名指, the little finger 小指 。
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1 . wear out 穿壞；穿舊；用盡， ( 使 ) 精疲力盡
I have worn my shoes out , I must get another pair .
We were worn out after climbing the mountain .
2 . a pair of 一對(duì)；一雙；一副
My sister gave me a pair of new shoes .
He wears a pair of glasses .
a pair of socks 一雙短襪 / a pair of trousers 一條褲子
3 . at the moment 此刻
Mrs Green is working in the garden at the moment .
4 . just a moment 等一會(huì)兒
Just a moment , she is coming . 請(qǐng)稍等片刻，她就來(lái)。
5 . a bit 有點(diǎn) ( = a little )
He was a bit angry .
Please wait a bit .
I'm not a bit hungry .
He knows a bit of English .
6 . the last time 上次，最后一次
The last time I saw him was last week .
When I saw him the last time , he was quite well .
7 . never mind 不要緊；沒(méi)關(guān)系
-- Let me carry the box for you .
-- Never mind , It isn't heavy . I can do it myself .
-- I forgot to bring your book .
-- Never mind about that , I'll get it back tomorrow .
8 . in surprise 驚奇地
He looked at me in surprise with his mouth open .
說(shuō)明：to one's surprise使某人感到驚奇的是……如：
To my surprise , the little girl can carry such a heavy box . 使我驚奇的是，那個(gè)小女孩竟能搬動(dòng)那么重的箱子。
9 . much too 實(shí)在太；過(guò)于
You are much too kind to me .
辨析：much too 與 too much 不同。too much 是“太多…”的意思，用在不可數(shù)
名詞前面，可作主語(yǔ)，作表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)。much修飾形容詞和副詞。如：
It's much too cold . 天氣實(shí)在太冷。( much 是程度副詞，修飾 too，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣 )
We've had too much rain lately . 最近我們這里的雨下得太多了。 ( much 是修飾 rain 的形容詞，又被 too 修飾 )
10 . think about 思考；思慮；回想
What are you thinking about ?
They are thinking about leaving tomorrow .
11 . sell out 售完
The old woman has sold out all the eggs .
12 . so…that… 如此……以致于……
His shoes were so dirty that he must brush them .
13 . be busy （in）doing… = be busy with + n . 忙于做某事
He was busy (in)getting ready for his journey . = He is busy with the journey .
14 . fall over 摔倒
It's easy for you to fall over when you walk on the ice .
15 . on and on 繼續(xù)；不斷
We walked on and on .
The old woman talked on and on .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【 學(xué)法指要 】
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1 . Can't they be mended ? 難道它們 ( 鞋子 ) 不能修嗎 ?
以否定形式提問(wèn)的疑問(wèn)句叫否定疑問(wèn)句。這種疑問(wèn)句包括一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)。句中的 not 可以和有關(guān)的 be、have 以及助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)合，構(gòu)成 - n't 形式放在主語(yǔ)之前。
一般否定疑問(wèn)句往往表示懷疑、驚訝、責(zé)備等意義，實(shí)質(zhì)上它具有強(qiáng)烈的“肯定”意味。如上述的例句，問(wèn)話者的心中是相信它肯定能修。又如：
Can't you ( really ) ride a bicycle ?
Haven't you forgotten something ? 難道你們沒(méi)忘記什么嗎 ?
2 . They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else . 他們彼此見(jiàn)面，格外高興，把所有的事都忘了。
①so…that 意思是“如此……以致。”so 修飾它后面的形容詞或副詞，that 后面通常是表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。又如：
It was so dark that he couldn't see anything . ( so 后接形容詞 )
The teacher spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him . ( so 后接副詞 )
②在這種意義的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句是否定式，可換成“too … to”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句是肯定形式，可以換成“…enough to…”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He was so weak that he could not walk . = He was too weak to walk .
③注意：so … that 與 so that 有區(qū)別。so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，經(jīng)常和 may , can , could , should , will , would 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。是“以便；為的是”之意，如：
Speak clearly so that we may understand you .
3 . My shoes are worn out . 我的鞋穿破了。
( 1 ) worn out 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作表語(yǔ)。
( 2 ) wear out “穿破；磨破；用壞”。例如：
Usually , children wear out their toys very quickly .
That machine was worn out last year .
Who wore out that bike ?
4 . I'm looking for a pair of black shoes . 我想買一雙黑色的皮鞋。
looking for 在此表達(dá)購(gòu)物人在購(gòu)物時(shí)“尋找”所購(gòu)物品的狀態(tài)。
5 . What size do you want ? Size eight . 你要多大的碼子 ? 8號(hào)的。
size “尺寸；大小”。例如：
It is about the size of an egg .
This book is the same size as that one . 這本書同那本書一樣大小。
6 . I'm afraid we haven't got any black shoes in that size at the moment . 恐怕現(xiàn)在我們還沒(méi)有那個(gè)碼子的黑皮鞋。
in that size “那個(gè)尺寸的”，在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾 shoes。介詞 in 常用來(lái)表示尺寸大小及量度單位。
7 . How much do they cost ? ( 他們 ) 鞋子要多少錢 ?
( 1 ) 詢問(wèn)價(jià)格時(shí)，通常還說(shuō)：
How much are they ? How much is it ?
( 2 ) cost , take 及 spend 都可表達(dá)“花費(fèi)”之意，但用法不同。cost 可用來(lái)表示花費(fèi)錢財(cái)及時(shí)間，但需要用表示事物或行為的詞或短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。例如：
The pair of shoes cost me 80 yuan .
Doing this work will cost them a week .
take 常用來(lái)表示花費(fèi)時(shí)間，它的主語(yǔ)通常是動(dòng)詞不定式。
例如：It took me half an hour to work out the maths problem .
spend 同 cost 一樣，可表示花費(fèi)錢財(cái)及時(shí)間，但需要用表示人物的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)。
I spend about half an hour ( in ) reading English every morning .
8 . I don't think I'll take it . 我想我不會(huì)買它。
( 1 ) I don't think……是在否定對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或拒絕對(duì)方時(shí)委婉地表達(dá)自己意見(jiàn)的常用語(yǔ)。而不說(shuō)：I think I won't take it . 例如：
I don't think that he'll be able to arrive here by two o'clock .
( 2 ) I'll take it 在句中作 think 的賓語(yǔ)，意為：“我買了”。也可說(shuō)：I'll get ( have ) it . 在具體購(gòu)買某物品時(shí)，一般不說(shuō) I'll buy it .
9 . A young man named John had just left school for the last time . 一句叫約翰的青年剛剛從學(xué)校畢業(yè)。
( 1 ) named John 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾 a young man 作定語(yǔ)。
( 2 ) had left 是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
( 3 ) leave school for the last time“最后一次離學(xué)校” ( 在此指畢業(yè) )
for the last time “作為最后一次”，for the first time “作為第一次”。例如：
He did his work quite well for the first time .
10 . He was going to start work the following week . 他準(zhǔn)備在下個(gè)星期開(kāi)始工作。
the following week = the next week , the following 意為“緊隨著的，接之而來(lái)的”。
the following morning 第二天早晨
the following month 第二個(gè)月；下個(gè)月
the following questions 下面的問(wèn)題
11 . There was quite a nice shop near his home . 他家附近有一個(gè)相當(dāng)漂亮的商店。
quite 是副詞，不是形容詞，所以不能說(shuō) a quite nice shop。又如：
That's quite a long time .
12 . The shop was quite new , for it had opened only the week before . 這家商店很新，因?yàn)樗巧蟼�(gè)星期才開(kāi)業(yè)的。
句中的 for 是并列連詞，后面接一個(gè)句子，它用來(lái)說(shuō)明理由，只是一種解釋和補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。語(yǔ)氣比 because 輕得多。because 用來(lái)申述原因，往往表示事物的因果關(guān)系，所以在答復(fù) why 的時(shí)候，必須用 because , 不可用 for。請(qǐng)比較下面的句子，體會(huì)句子的語(yǔ)氣。
I'll be back at about ten o'clock , for I want to pay a visit to a good friend of mine . 我大約10點(diǎn)鐘回來(lái)，因?yàn)槲乙菰L一個(gè)好友。( 此句的重點(diǎn)是何時(shí)回來(lái)，for 后面的意思只是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。 )
He was late for school this morning because he went to bed late last night . ( “為什么”遲到 ? because 后面道出了原因。 )
A：Tell me why you haven't finished your homework .
B：Because I was badly ill yesterday evening . 因?yàn)槲易蛲聿〉脜柡Α? 顯然，上面的句子只能用 because 回答，而不能 for。 )
13 . But none of them were the right size . 意譯：但它們沒(méi)一雙合腳。( 直譯：但它們都不是合適的碼子。 )
14 . They were either too big or too small . 他們不是太大就是太小。
( 1 ) either…or… 是關(guān)聯(lián)連詞。“或者……或者……”。例如：
Come either today or tomorrow . 要么今天來(lái)，要么明天來(lái)。
Either you or he is right . 不是你對(duì)，就是他對(duì)。 ( 直譯：或者你對(duì)，或者他對(duì)。 )
注意：當(dāng) either…or…連接的是兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要和 or 后面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
比較：Either he or you are right . 要么他對(duì)，要么你對(duì)。
( 2 ) 我們學(xué)過(guò)的關(guān)聯(lián)連詞還有 neither…nor…，not only…but also…，both…and…，它們都用來(lái)連接句中兩個(gè)平行的描述對(duì)象。
15 . …and then went to look at himself in a mirror . …然后走過(guò)去照照鏡子。
look in a mirror , look in the mirror“照鏡子”，口語(yǔ)中可用 glass 代替 mirror。
16 . It looks great . 這套服裝看起來(lái)非常清爽。
great 常在口語(yǔ)中使用，表示贊美、歡愉的心情。又如：
Shall we have a party tonight ? That's great ! 我們今晚開(kāi)晚會(huì)嗎 ? 太棒了 !
17 . Have you got anything cheaper ? 你們有便宜一些的衣服 ( 賣 ) 嗎 ?
anything 是不定代詞，形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)，須后置。又如：
I've something important to tell you . 我有些重要的事要告訴你。
The story is nothing interesting . 這故事毫無(wú)意思。
18 . That's the cheapest suit we have , I'm afraid . 那是我們最便宜的西服，我想。
( 1 ) we have 修飾 suit，是定語(yǔ)從句。
( 2 ) I'm afraid 相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“恐怕”之意，用以表達(dá)委婉的說(shuō)話語(yǔ)氣
19 . They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else . 他們彼此見(jiàn)面，分外高興，把所有的事情都忘了。
( 1 ) so…that…“如此……以至……”，so修飾它后面的形容詞或副詞，that 引出一個(gè)表結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
The rain was so heavy that I had to stay at home .
He got up so late that he was late for school .
( 2 ) pleased 是形容詞，意為 glad , pleased 多用于書面語(yǔ)或正式場(chǎng)合。glad 多用于口語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)氣比較隨便。例如：
Are you Miss Green ? Pleased to meet you .
Glad to see you . Are you any better today ? 很高興見(jiàn)到你，今天好些嗎 ?
( 3 ) so…that…還可引出表目的狀語(yǔ)從句。這就要求我們從句子本身的內(nèi)在含意來(lái)判斷。比較下面的句子。
He got up so early that he could catch the early bus . ( 表目的 )
He got up so early that he caught the early bus . ( 表結(jié)果 )
20 . Haven't you forgotten something ? 你們難道沒(méi)忘了什么嗎 ?
此句比 You have forgotten something . 語(yǔ)氣更為強(qiáng)烈。而不是一般的提問(wèn)，所以不用 anything 。下面兩句都有強(qiáng)烈的“肯定”意味。
Don't you see he is here ?
Didn't I tell you about this yesterday ?
21 . John turned round and looked at him in surprise . 約翰轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，驚奇地望著他。
( 1 ) round 作形容詞時(shí)，意為“圓的”。作副詞或介詞時(shí)，意為“循環(huán)地”，“圍繞”。句中的 round 修飾動(dòng)詞 turn，是副詞。請(qǐng)注意 round 在下列句子中的詞性。
He has a round face . ( 形容詞 ) 他長(zhǎng)著一副圓臉。
You can see a round table in the middle of the room . ( 形容詞 )
Don't look round . The class has begun . ( 副詞 )
The moon travels round the earth . ( 介詞 )
( 2 ) in surprise 是介詞短語(yǔ)，修飾句中的 looked , 作狀語(yǔ)。surprise 除了作名詞外，還可作及物動(dòng)詞。surprised 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，表明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。例如：
His visit was a surprise to me . 他的訪問(wèn)出乎我意料之外。
He shouted in surprise when he heard the bed news .
What he said surprised us very much .
22 . “Pardon ? ”he said . “什么 ? ”他問(wèn)道。
pardon 一詞的原意是“寬恕”，“原諒”。在口語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)聽(tīng)話人沒(méi)聽(tīng)清或不明白對(duì)方的講話時(shí)，常說(shuō)“pardon ? ”用以請(qǐng)求對(duì)方再把原話說(shuō)一遍。
- The telephone number is 355708 . 電話號(hào)碼是355708。
- Pardon ? Wait a moment . I'll write it down . 什么 ? ( 或：再說(shuō)一遍好嗎 ? ) 等一下，我把它記下來(lái)。
23 . That was nearly the cheapest jacket in town . 這夾克幾乎是城里最便宜的夾克了。
這句話頗具幽默感，如果沒(méi)付錢，當(dāng)然是“最便宜的了”。但畢竟不是事實(shí)，所以句中的動(dòng)詞用 was，而不用 is。
24 . 表示時(shí)間的 for , since , from , during 和 ago 的異同
for ①用來(lái)表示某動(dòng)作或情況持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，既可指過(guò)去，也可以指現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)。
I once studied French for three years . ( 指過(guò)去時(shí)間 )
That house has been empty for six weeks . ( 指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間 )
Our teacher will be away for the next ten days . 我們的老師從現(xiàn)在起將要離開(kāi)
十天。 ( 指將來(lái) )
②如果 for 表示的一段時(shí)間一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止，就要和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，不能用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如：
I've known her for a long time . 我認(rèn)識(shí)她已經(jīng)好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。 ( 不能說(shuō) I know her… )
這種用法的 for 可用 since + 行動(dòng)開(kāi)始的那一時(shí)間來(lái)代替。如：
He has worked here since this time last year . 他從去年這時(shí)候起就在這里工作。
③當(dāng)我們說(shuō)的是過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻時(shí)，我們要用 for 和過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示一直持續(xù)到那個(gè)時(shí)刻的一段時(shí)間。如：
When she arrived , I had been waiting for two hours . 當(dāng)她到達(dá)的時(shí)候，我已經(jīng)等了兩小時(shí)了。
from ①我們說(shuō)某動(dòng)作或情況從什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始，什么時(shí)候結(jié)束時(shí)，就用 from…to… 或 from…till / until 的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
I was asleep from three to six . ( = for three hours ) 我從三點(diǎn)到六點(diǎn)在睡
覺(jué)。 ( 我曾睡了三小時(shí) )
②當(dāng)我們不說(shuō)出動(dòng)作或情況是什么時(shí)候結(jié)束時(shí)，也用 from 一詞。如：
We had to begin our work from six in the morning .
from 也可用于地點(diǎn)。如：
Where do you come from ?
since ①只用于時(shí)間而不用于地點(diǎn)，意指“從那時(shí)起到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻。”它常常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。如：
What have you been doing since this morning ?
It has been raining since two o'clock .
It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn .
注意 since 與 from 的區(qū)別，
I was there from three o'clock , but nobody came . 我從三點(diǎn)鐘起一直在那兒，但沒(méi)有人來(lái)過(guò)。 ( 不能說(shuō)……since three o'clock )
I 've been there since three o'clock , but nobody's come yet . 我從三點(diǎn)鐘起一直在那兒，但沒(méi)有人來(lái)過(guò)。( 此句不能說(shuō) ……from three o'clock )
②在“It is + 時(shí)間詞語(yǔ) + since”中，since 可以和現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去時(shí)連用。
It's a long time since the last meeting .
It was ages since my last meal , and I was very hungry .
注意 since 與 for 的區(qū)別：
當(dāng) for 和 since 都用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)句子中時(shí)，這兩個(gè)詞很容易搞混。記住：for 表示什么事情延續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。since 則表示這件事是從什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的。試比較：
for three days since Tuesday
during①用于已知的一段時(shí)間，即為大家所熟知的節(jié)日名稱，如：Christmas ( 圣誕節(jié) ) ，或者已經(jīng)限定的時(shí)候或階段。如：
during the years 1980 - 1990 在1980年1990年期間
②行動(dòng)可以持續(xù)整個(gè)時(shí)期或只發(fā)生在這個(gè)時(shí)期的某一時(shí)刻。如：
It rained all Monday but stopped raining during the night . 星期一整天下雨，但夜里雨停了。 ( 在某一時(shí)刻 )
He was ill for a week , and during that week he ate nothing .
during 與 for 的區(qū)別：
during 表示什么時(shí)間發(fā)生了什么事。for 表示這件事持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
There was a storm during the night ; it rained for three or four hours . 夜里暴風(fēng)雨大作，雨一直下了三四個(gè)小時(shí)。
My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer . 我父親在夏天住了六個(gè)月醫(yī)院。
ago 不用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作和情況的持續(xù)時(shí)間，也不用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的。ago 只表示過(guò)去的事情是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的。但我們用的是從現(xiàn)在往過(guò)去追溯的“倒數(shù)法”，而不說(shuō)出具體日期。ago 要和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用。如：
I saw him three days ago . 我三天前看見(jiàn)他的。 ( 從現(xiàn)在起倒數(shù)的三天 )
I caught this cold two weeks ago .
注意ago 是“自今…之前”，before 是“自過(guò)去…之前。”
25 . either … or 與 neither … nor 和 both … and 的區(qū)分
①either … or … ( 或者…或者… ) ，neither … nor … ( 既不…也不… ) ，這是兩組表示選擇的關(guān)聯(lián)連詞，均用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)在語(yǔ)法功能上相同，在結(jié)構(gòu)上相稱的并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)量常與最鄰近的主語(yǔ) ( 即 or 或 nor 后面的名詞 ) 保持一致。如：
Either you or she is correct ( right ) . 或者你對(duì)，或者她對(duì) ( 不是你對(duì)，就是她對(duì) ) 。
②either … or 連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句或并列成分，提供兩種或兩種以上的可能性。如：
Come either today or tomorrow .
③neither 或 nor 單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，后面所接句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)要倒裝。如：
You don't know his address , neither do I .
both … and 表示“兩者都”，“既……又……”，是 neither … nor 的反義詞組。試比較：
It was both cold and wet .
It is neither cold and hot .
Both John and Mary were there .
25 .購(gòu)物時(shí)的交際用語(yǔ)
( 1 ) 售貨員招呼顧客，提供服務(wù)時(shí)的用語(yǔ)：
What can I do for you ? / Can I help you ?
( 2 ) 顧客表示想買什么時(shí)的用語(yǔ)：
I'd like to buy / get… 我想買…… / I want… 我要……/ I'm looking for…我在找……/ May I have a look at… ? 我可以看看……嗎 ? / Have you got… ? 你 ( 們 ) 有……嗎 ?
( 3 ) 談?wù)摮叽纭⒋笮 ㈩伾r(jià)格時(shí)的用語(yǔ)：
What size / colour / kind do you want ?
I'm afraid we haven't got…，but we've got…
Do you have any other kind / size / colour ?
How much / many…do you want ?
What about…… ?
That pair looks nice .
May / Can I try it / them on ?
Try on , please .
How much is it ? / How much does it cost ?
That's a bit / too expensive .
It's too expensive . I don't think I'll take it .
Have you got anything cheaper ?
That's cheap / fine / nice . I'll have / take it .
【 妙文賞析 】
Doctor's Advice
Once an old man went to the hospital to see a doctor . After having examined him carefully , the doctor said , “It's useless for you to take any medicine because no medicine will help you . You'd better have a good rest . Go to stay in a quiet country place for a month , go to bed early , drink some milk , walk a lot and smoke only one cigar a day . ”
“Thank you very much , ”said the old gentleman , “I shall do everything you say . ”
Two weeks later , the old man came to the doctor again . “How are you ? ”said the doctor , “I'm very pleased to meet you . You look much happier . ”
“Oh , doctor , ”said the old man , “I feel quite well now . I had a good rest . I went to bed early . I drank much milk . I walked a lot . Your advice certainly helped me . However , you told me to smoke one cigar a day . One cigar a day almost killed me at first . It's no joke to start smoking at my age , you know . ”
【 思維體操 】
下面是與購(gòu)物有關(guān)的三個(gè)謎語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)猜一猜。
1 . Mary's mother asked her to buy something .
She said , “The thing is a five - letter word . Its first letter is in paint and also in draw . Its second is in peace but never in war . Its third is in up but not in down . It fourth is in village but not in town . Its fifth is in dress but not in suit . The whole is a most delicious fruit . ”
Mary thought for a minute , then she knew what her mother wanted her to buy . What is it ?
2 . Mary asked her mother how many she needed to buy . Her mother said . “The number is between one and ten . If you double the number , the result will be the same as if you added two to it . What is the number ? ”
3 . Two women went shopping . One spent ten dollars more than the other , and together they spent forty dollars . How much money did each of them spend ?
答案：1 . apple 2 . two 3 . One spent fifteen dollars and the other spent twenty - five dollars .
三、智能顯示
【 心中有數(shù) 】
單元語(yǔ)法發(fā)散思維
過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had ( 用于各種人稱和數(shù) ) + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。主要表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前就已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用 by 或 before 等引出過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻，也常用狀語(yǔ)從句或上下文表示過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作。其句型結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)見(jiàn)下表：
動(dòng)詞 be
動(dòng)詞 do
肯定式
By then I had been there .
By nine o'clock last night she had done the work .
否定式
By then he had not yet been there .
By nine o'clock last night I had not yet done the work .
疑問(wèn)式
Had they been there by then ?
Had you done the work by nine o'clock last night ?
基本用法：在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的情況。如：
I had learned 1000 English words by the end of last term . 在上學(xué)期結(jié)束時(shí)，我已學(xué)了一千個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
They still hadn't finished the work by Friday .
表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。
It had snowed for an hour when the train arrived .
The old man died when the doctor arrived . ( 即老人的死是在醫(yī)生到達(dá)的時(shí)候，或者剛剛到達(dá)之后 )
The old man had died when the doctor arrived . ( 即醫(yī)生到達(dá)時(shí)，老人已死了 )
敘述比過(guò)去情況更早的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
I found the watch I had lost .
【 動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦 】
單元能力立體檢測(cè)
Ⅰ . 詞匯：
用所給單詞的適應(yīng)形式填空：
1 . ______ ( luck ) , he didn't hurt badly .
2 . The ______ ( forty ) room is mine .
3 . Jack can jump ______ ( far ) than Jim .
4 . The door bell was ringing while he fell ______ ( sleep ) .
5 . The old man has been ______ ( die ) for half a year .
Ⅱ . 選擇填空
1 . My father was busy ______ the car for his son .
A . to mend B . mend C . mends D . mending
2 . There are nine _______ students in their school .
A . hundred B . hundreds C . hundred of D . hundreds of
3 . None of you read _______ .
A . carefully enough B . careful enough C . enough carefully D . enough careful
4 . Kate' sweater ______ , please buy a new one for her .
A . was worn out B . were worn out C . worn out D . have worn out
5 . ______ do you play basket - ball ? ______ Once a week .
A . How long B . How often C . When D . How many times
6 . My mother told me _______ in the river .
A . not to swim B . to not swim C . not swim D . don't swim
7 . How much did you ______ on that bike ?
A . take B . pay C . cost D . spend
8 . Most people in the world like eating cakes ______ their birthday .
A . at B . in C . on D . from
9 . How far is your school to the sttion ?
A . Very soon . B . On foot . C . Ten minutes . D . Two kilometres .
10 . How long have you _______ Beijing ?
A . been to B . gone to C . come to D . been in
Ⅲ . 完成對(duì)話
A . Excuse me ! Could you tell me the ( 1 ) to the post office ?
B . Certainly , Go down this street and ( 2 ) the third turning ( 3 ) the left . Then walk on ( 4 ) you reach the end . You will find it .
A . How long will it ( 5 ) to get there ?
B . I think it's about twenty minutes' walk .
A . Thank you very much .
B . Not ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . It's a ( 8 ) .
答案：Ⅰ 1 . luckily 2 . fortieth 3 . further 4 . asleep 5 . dead Ⅱ . 1 . D 2 . A 3 . A 4 . A 5 . B 6 . A 7 . B 8 . C 9 . D 10 . D Ⅲ . 1 . way 2 . take 3 . on 4 . until 5 . take 6 . at 7 . all 8 . pleasure
【 創(chuàng)新園地 】
同學(xué)們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪心愕囊挛锛叭沼闷肥羌胰舜?gòu)呢，還是你或者你和你的同學(xué)親自到商場(chǎng)去挑選呢 ? 希望你踏入社會(huì)，了解生活，用簡(jiǎn)單的英文敘述你的一次購(gòu)物經(jīng)歷。注意：你在商場(chǎng)看到的是Bob和Don的購(gòu)物情況。
創(chuàng)新園地答案：
Bob and Don wanted to buy some new clothes , so they went shopping together . First , they went to the men's department to see the suits that were on sale . The salesman helped them find the right size and they each tried on several suits . Bob found a light gray suit and bought it . Don finally selected a blue suit . The boys also bought two pairs of pants because they were not too expensive .
Next , they went to the shoe department . The clerk measured their feet and brought each of them several pairs of shoes to try on . It didn't take them very long to get their shoes . They didn't really need socks , but these were on sale , too , and they decided to buy several pairs .
【 同步題庫(kù) 】
Unit 21
Ⅰ . 單項(xiàng)填空
1 . - Do you speak either French or Russian ?
- I'm sorry , I don't speak ______ .
A . either B . neither C . too D . both
2 . He sat in the car with a policeman on _______ side of him .
A . each a B . both C . every D . either
3 . I don't like the black - and - white TV set . I'd like to have it _______ .
A . sell B . to be sold C . sold D . selling
4 . He was much pleased _______ the good news .
A . at B . with C . on D . to
5 . He didn't want to _______ in his studies .
A . fall before B . fall behind C . fall beside D . fall fater 6 . We don't know _______ to ask questions .
A . who B . whose C . what D . which
7 . He can't decide _______ to buy .
A . what size of shoes B . how large of shoes
C . how much size D . how many size of shoes
8 . We are not sure ______ he will be here in time .
A . what B . when C . where D . if
9 . He taught me ______ to write an English letter .
A . what B . whether C . which D . how
10 . Which suit of trousers are _______ your size ?
A . on B . at C . to D . in
11 . She was busy _______ her bike when I came in .
A . to brush B . brushes C . brushing D . brushed
12 . Why did you ______ out this pair of shoes again ?
A . worn B . wear C . wearing D . put
13 . If you buy shoes , you'd better _______ them on first .
A . walk B . look C . wear D . try
14 . He doesn't know ______ to do this evening .
A . where B . how C . what D . why
15 . I'd better buy a new pair of shoes because _______ worn out .
A . it is B . this is C . that is D . they are
16 . He asked whether ______ begin at nine .
A . the meeting would B . would the meeting
C . will the meeting D . the meeting will
17 . After we have done our homework , we _______ to bed .
A . went B . go C . have gone D . had gone
18 . She has fallen ill _______ .
A . a week ago B . for week C . since last week D . of a week
19 . He _______ Shanghai for a meeting .
A . has gone to B . has been to C . went D . had gone
20 . Have you ______ the story about Liu Hu Lan ?
A . heard B . heard C . listened D . listen to
Ⅱ . 在改寫后的句子空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)單詞，使句意合乎要求或與原文相符
1 . What size shoes do you wear ?
What ______ ______ ______ you shoes ?
2 . A young man named John had just left school for the last time .
A young man ______ ______ John had just leave school for the last time .
3 . I haven't seen you for months .
I saw you ______ ______ .
4 . The box is so heavy that he can't move it .
The box is ______ ______ for him _______ _______ .
5 . The old woman was so angry that she could say nothing .
The old woman was ______ angry to say _______ .
6 . What's the price ( 價(jià)格 ) of your sweater ?
How _______ does your sweater _______ ?
7 . She got up too late to catch the early train .
She got up ______ late ______ she ______ catch the early train .
Ⅲ . 補(bǔ)全對(duì)話
下面是一段對(duì)話，請(qǐng)?jiān)诿總�(gè)空白填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)單詞，使對(duì)話意思完整。
A：What can I do for you ?
B：I'm ( 1 ) for a pair of black shoes .
A： ( 2 ) size do you want ?
B：Size five .
A：I'm ( 3 ) we haven't got any black shoes in that size at the moment . But we've got some brown ( 4 ) .
B：Hmm . Have you got any ( 5 ) kind ?
A：What about those shoes ( 6 ) there .
B：Well , that ( 7 ) looks nice . How much do they ( 8 ) ?
A：Thirty - five yuan .
B：Hmm ! That's a ( 9 ) expensive . Can I try them ( 10 ) , please ?
A：Certainly .
Ⅳ . 完形填空
A rich man and his wife went into a shop to buy a watch . ( 1 ) of them was very young . They looked at a lot of watches , and after ( 2 ) an hour they found two very beautiful , but they had not ( 3 ) been able to choose ( 4 ) them . One of them was very expensive . and ( 5 ) was quite a lot cheaper .
Of course , the shopkeeper wanted to ( 6 ) them the more expensive one , because then he would ( 7 ) more money from ( 8 ) , so he said to the lady . “Oh , go on . ( 9 ) his money . If you don't , he will only spend it on his second wife . ”
( 10 ) several seconds nobody said a word , and then the lady said angrily , “I'm his second wife ! ”
1 . A . Neither B . Some C . Several D . Both
2 . A . two B . one C . it D . half
3 . A . already B . yet C . how D . have
4 . A . in B . between C . on D . for
5 . A . the other B . other C . others D . all
6 . A . give B . show C . keep D . sell
7 . A . get B . have C . return D . buy
8 . A . it B . she C . him D . them
9 . A . Cost B . Borrow C . Spend D . Lend
10 . A . Before B . At C . Since D . For
Ⅴ . 閱讀理解
A . 閱讀短文并選擇最佳答案
Parents !
“Oh do hurry up , Jane ! You're going to be late for work again ! ”
Mrs Biggs went into her daughter's room . Jane was sitting on the edge ( 邊 ) of the bed with her head in her hands .
“Are you ill or something ? ”
“Just tired ( 累 ) . ”
“You don't get a proper night's sleep . that's your trouble . You were out late again last night . ”
“I was only down at the club . ”Jane answered sleepily on her way to the door .
“That place ! You're always down there these days . Mrs Stone says……”
Jane paused at the door . “Mrs Stone's never been inside the place . She just imagines things ! It's social club that's all . We sit around and talk . Or have a coke and play records . ”
“Is that all ? ”
Jane went into the bathroom without answering .
“This room is in a mess again , ”complained ( 抱怨 ) her mother“Clothes and magazines all over the place . ”She started to tidy them up . Still grumbling ( 發(fā)怨言 ) to herself .
Jane came back into the room , combing her hair .
“Have you washed already ? ”her mother asked .
“Someone's invited me to a party in London on Saturday night . ”Jane said . “Can I go ? ”
“First the club . now parties……”
“But can I go , though ? ”
“I don't know . ”Ask your father Mrs Biggs went out of the room . “Is it the boy who rang last Sunday ? ”she called over her shoulder . “The one with the funny voice ? ”
“Funny voice ! ”muttered Jane to herself . “Well , he's not her boy friend ! ”
1 . It was difficult for Jane to wake up because she
A . had not slept well . B . had not slept enough .
C . did not feel well .
2 . Jane spent a lot of time at the club . Her mother did not
A . approve . ( 批準(zhǔn) ) B . care . C . object . ( 反對(duì) )
3 . Jane described the activities at the club . Her mother
A . complained . B . did not listen to her .
C . did not believe her .
4 . Going to a party in London was something
A . expensive . B . tiring . C . new .
5 . The passage shows that Mrs Biggs
A . disliked her daughter . B . worried about her daughter .
C . treated ( 對(duì)待 ) her daughter badly .
B . 閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容判斷正誤。正確的在左邊括號(hào)寫T；否則寫F
Four friends were drinking in a village pub ( 酒店 ) . Their jackets were hanging on the back of their chairs . Suddenly one of them . Jack , shouted that he had lost five pounds . Fred said he was sure nobody there had stolen the money . Tom suggested ( 建議 ) they should all empty their pockets on the table . But the owner of the pub would not let them do that because money all looks the same . Nobody knew what to do . Just then , Jim , at traveller , stood up . He said he would help them find the money .
Jim said , “I've found out the cocks are good at catching thieves ( 賊 ) . Let's borrow the pub owner's cock . ”He put a big black pot ( 鍋 ) upside ( 顛倒 ) down on the table . Then he put the cock under it . “After I turn off the lights , ”he said , “you must come up one by one and touch the bottom ( 底部 ) of the pot with your right hand . ”When the thief done so , the cock will crow ( 啼 ) .
The others did not know whether they should believe him . One by one they went past the table in the dark , but the cock never made a noise . When the light went on , Jim asked everybody to show his right hand . He looked at each hand in turn and then said , “Fred , give the five pounds back to Jack . ”“But the cock never crowed ! ”said Fred .
Jim told Ered to look at all the hands . “They're all black with soot ( 煤煙 ) except yours . Can you explain why you didn't dare touch the pot ? ”Fred's face went white . He hung his head .
1 . All of them put the money on the table ?
2 . All the man in the pub didn't know what to do except Jim .
3 . Fred didn't touch the pot because he was out at that time .
4 . Jim found the thief at last .
5 . Fred was the thief .
C . 閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容選最佳答案，并將其字母在左邊的括號(hào)內(nèi)
A student once said how useless it was to put advertisements ( 廣告 ) in the newspapers . “Last week , ”said he , “I lost my dictionary in a London shop . Because it was a present , I spent twice of its cost in advertising , but didn't get it back . ”
“How did you write your advertisement ? ”asked one of his classmates .
“Here it is . ”said the student , taking out of his pocket a piece of advertisement from a newspaper . His classmate took it and read . “Lost from the City Shop last Sunday evening , an English - French dictionary . The one who finds it will receive ten dollars on leaving it at NO . 10 Water Street . ”
“Now , ”said his classmate , “I don't think your advertisement can work . The way in which the words are used very important . Let us try for your dictionary again , and if it can't bring your dictionary back , I'll buy you a new one . ”
He then took a piece of paper out of his pocket and wrote , “If the man who was seen to take a dictionary from the City Shop last Sunday evening doesn't want to get into trouble , he well return the dictionary to No , 10 Water Street , We know who he is . ”
This appeared ( 出現(xiàn) ) in the newspaper , and on the next morning , the student was surprised when he opened the front door . In the doorway lay at least twelve dictionaries , and his own was among the number . Many of them had notes on them saying that they had been taken by mistake , and begging ( 乞求 ) the loser not to say anything about the matter .
1 . What is an advertisement ?
A . A piece of news in the newspaper B . A public notice
C . An idea D . One's wish
2 . The student once thought advertising was ______ .
A . of little use B . of some use C . important D . not important
3 . His classmate said that he should ______ .
A . buy a new dictionary B . go on looking for his dictionary
C . write another and better advertisement D . tell the police
4 . “If it can't bring your dictionary back , I'll buy you a new one” means that ______ .
A . he was quite sure he would get the dictionary back
B . he was not sure he would get the dictionary back
C . he was rich enough to buy a new dictionary
D . he didn't know what to do
5 . Did the classmate know who had taken the dictionary ?
A . Sure . B . Not very sure . C . Not at all . D . Perhaps .
答案：Ⅰ . 1 . A 2 . D 3 . C 4 . A 5 . B 6 . A 7 . A 8 . D 9 . D 10 . D 11 . C 12 . B 13 . D 14 . C 15 . D 16 . A 17 . A 18 . C 19 . A 20 . D Ⅱ . 1 . is the size of 2 . with the name 3 . months ago 4 . too heavy , to move 5 . too , anything 6 . much cost 7 . so , than couldn't Ⅲ . 1 . looking 2 . What 3 . afraid 4 . ones 5 . other 6 . over 7 . pair 8 . cost 9 . bit ( little ) 10 . on Ⅳ. 1 . A 2 . D 3 . B 4 . B 5 . A 6 . D 7 . A 8 . D 9 . C 10 . D Ⅴ . A . 1 . b 2 . a 3 . c 4 . c 5 . b B . 1 . F 2 . T 3 . F 4 . T 5 . T C . 1 . B 2 . A 3 . C 4 . A 5 . C