科目 英語

年級 高三

文件　high3 unit19.doc

標題 New Zealand (新西蘭)

章節 第十九單元

關鍵詞 高三英語第十九單元

內容　　

一、教法建議

【拋磚引玉】

　　同學們通過閱讀課文“The Maori of New Zealand”和“New Zealand”可以了解毛利人的歷史和新西蘭的史地及風土人情。

　　單元雙基學習目標

　�、�. 詞匯學習

　　rat , sweet potato , lamb , apart from , hot spring , rainfall , quality , hilly , seaside , flightless , New Zealander , Oceania , be related to

　�、�. 交際英語

　　Giving advice and making suggestions (表達建議)

　　1. You’d better not…

　　2. You need to do …

　　3. I think you should do … / You ought to do…

　　4. I suggest that you should do…

　　5. Let’s do…

　　6. Shall we … ?

　　7. What / How about … ?

　　8. Why not … ?

　　9. Why don’t you …?

　　10. I think it would be a great idea to do … .

　　11. May I suggest doing … ?

　　12. Would you like to do … ?

　　13. Have you considered doing … ?

　�、�. 語法學習

　　在本單元同學們要復習和歸納句子的成分 -- 賓語補足語的用法。另外，對測試中常見的從屬連詞的多義性進行歸納。如as可以從下面幾個角度測試：

　　1 . 表示時間，意思是“當……的時候，隨著”。例如：

　　I met John as I was coming home .

　　As a young man , he joined the army .

　　2 . 表示原因，意思是“由于，因為”。例如：

　　As he was not well , I decided to go without him .

　　3 . 表示比較，意思是“象……一樣”。例如：

　　I'm as tall as you ( are ) .

　　The work is not so easy as you imagine .

　　4 . 表示方式，意思是“按照，如同”。例如：

　　Do as I do .

　　I have told this story just as it happened .

　　5 . 表示讓步。意思是“雖然，盡管”。注意，as 引導狀語從句表示讓步時，一定要

　　用倒裝語序。例如：

　　Sick as he was , he came to work .

　　Child as he is , he knows a lot .

　　Much as I like it , I will not buy it .

【指點迷津】

　　高考情態動詞考查特點透視

　　分析近幾年的高考英語試題可以發現情態動詞的考查難度逐年加大，主要體現在試題題干的設計具有隱蔽性，考查的角度向細微化和綜合化方向發展，下面僅結合近幾年的高考試題談一下情態動詞的考查特點：

　　一、題干設計巧，使答案具有隱蔽性。

　　試題的題干有時采用疑問句、祈使句等句式來進行命題，這樣的設計使答案更具有隱蔽性，增加考生的解題難度，題干設計的巧妙給解題造成的一定的障礙性。

　　- Shall we go skating or stay at home?

　　- Which _____ do yourself? ( MET92 )

　　A . do you rather B . would you rather C . will you rather D . should you rather

　�。� 釋疑 ］答案選B。該題旨在考查學生對情態動詞“would rather” 的掌握情況。若該題采用陳述句來進行設計，很容易就能選出正確答案，因為考生對“would rather”這一情態動詞都能掌握。但該題在設計時采用疑問句式，這樣就給考生增加了解題難度，如果考生不能循其結構進行分析就會選錯答案。因為情態動詞中不存在 A、C 或 D 選項的結構。

　　- Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow . ( NMET 94 )

　　- _____ .

　　A . I don't B . I won't C . I can't D . I haven't

　�。� 釋疑 ］答案選B。該題題干的設計為祈使句式，留給考生一定的思維空間，如果考生不能利用該題在設計過程中所留的思維空間就很難得出正確答案，我們可以把該題題干轉化成：“Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow , will you?”通過這樣的轉化，答案就一目了然了。

　　可見，在解題時必須要準確地把握題干設計的隱蔽性，挖掘出題干留給我們的思維空間，擺脫題干設計過程中的干擾。

　　二、對某些情態動詞之間的細微差別進行考查，使考查向深層次方向發展。

　　情態動詞的考查向縱深的方向發展體現在對某些情態動詞之間的細微的區別進行考查，因此在復習中不僅要對考查的重點進行復習，同時要對某些情態動詞之間的細微差別進行比較分析，只有這樣才能在高考中做到得心應手。

　　The fire spread through the hotel very quickly , but everyone _____ get out .

　　A . had to B . would C . could D . was able to

　　［ 釋疑 ］選D。該題重點考查情態動詞之間的區別。“can”和“be able to”都可以表示能力，但當表示“過去通過某種努力而實現某事的具體能力”時應用“be able to”，這里的“was able to”相當于“managed to do sth”或“succeeded in doing sth”。許多考生誤選 C 的原因就在于沒有掌握他們兩者之間的這個區別，因此要對有細微差別的情態動詞進行辨析，掌握他們之間的不同點。

　　三、將情態動詞、助動詞等結合在一起考查，使考查具有綜合性。

　　有的試題在設計過程中把情態動詞和助動詞等語法概念結合在一起進行命題，這樣的設計使命題具有很強的綜合性，也就要求考生在解題中必須要先把握題干的語義，然后再根據語境來判斷對其選項的選擇。

　　- Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it .

　　- It's 9568422 . ［ NMET95 ］

　　A . didn't B . couldn't C . don't D . can't

　�。� 釋疑 ］選A。該題的選項中既有情態動詞又有助動詞�？忌�在解題時必須要首先根據句義來確定應用什么類型的動詞。從題干中的“剛才沒聽到您的電話號碼，請您再說一遍好嗎?”這一信息可得知該題的選項應為助動詞而不是情態動詞，且這里的“沒聽到”是指過去時間，因此該題的答案為 A。

　　- Alice , why didn't you come yesterday?

　　- I _____ , but I had an unexpected visitor . ［ NMET97 ］

　　A . had B . would C . was going to D . did ［ 答案 ］C。

　�。� 釋疑 ］該題是一個綜合性極強的試題，如果考生不能很好地分析語境的意義以及結合所給的選項來綜合考慮是很難選出正確答案的。該題題意是“Alice，你昨天為什么沒來?”“我很想來，但沒想到來了位客人”。從題意可知“想來，但沒來”這是與過去事實相反的事實，根據語法規則應用虛擬語氣，但答案中沒有虛擬語氣的正確形式，若用虛擬語氣，正確的形式應為“would have”或“would have come yesterday”，那么該題如何選擇?“be going to”可表示“打算、計劃”這一概念，而且這里是指過去的打算，因此正確答案為 C。許多學生誤選 B 的原因就是對情態動詞對過去推測的這一用法沒有完全掌握所致。

　　綜上所述，高考情態動詞的考查的特點主要體現在試題題干的設計具有隱蔽性，試題的

　　考查點向細微方向發展以及考查的綜合性。因此在復習情態動詞時不僅要掌握情態動詞的基

　　本用法，同時又要把握高考命題的趨勢，以及把握高考命題設計的特點，做到有的放矢的復

習，只有這樣才能達到事半功倍的效果。

二、學海導航

【學法指要】

　　單元重點詞匯點撥

　　1.relate有關；涉及

　　This paragraph related to the international situation .

　　What he has said doesn’t relate well with the facts .

　　〖點撥〗be related to和……有關系。relate的名詞是：relation關系；聯系。relative親戚。如：the friendly relations between the two countries 。

　　2. quality質量；品質；素質

　　Without quantity there can be no quality .

　　For study , quality is more important than quantity .

　　〖點撥〗in quality從質量上講。如：The price is different , depending on the quality .

　　3. rainfall一場雨；降雨量

　　the annual rainfall in Beijing北京的年降雨量

　　〖點撥〗表示“有大的雨量”用have a heavy rainfall 。如：This area has a heavy rainfall .

　　單元詞組思維運用

　　1. travel by sea = travel by ship

　　2. hand down = pass down傳下來

　　3. from generation to generation = from one generation to another

　　4. sign an argument with與……簽訂協議

　　5. in later years在以后的幾年里

　

　　6. take a degree獲得一個學位

　　7. share one’s memories of共同悼念

　　8. in size在面積方面

　　9. at festivals每逢節日

　　10. turn to keeping deer改養鹿

　　11. apart from除了……之外；此外

　

　　Apart from the cost , the hat doesn’t suit me .

　　Apart from that , all goes well .

　　12. be of high quality質量很高。be of low quality質量低。

　　13. separate the young from the old把年輕人和老年人分開

　　14. like … best of all最喜歡

　　15. make money out of keeping deer = make money by raising deer

　　16. go on an outing去郊游

　　17. plan a party for為……籌備一次聚會

　　單元難點疑點思路明晰

　　1.Following his discovery many islanders travelled 3500 kilometres by sea in their narrow boats to this new country between 1100 and 1350 . 隨著他的發現,許多島民在1100年到1350年之間坐著窄窄的小船從海上旅行3500公里來到這個國家。

　　〖明晰〗(1) following his discovery 為現在分詞短語作狀語，分詞的一般式表達分詞的動作與主句謂語的動作基本同時發生。當強調分詞的動作發生在主句謂語之前早已完成時，用分詞的完成式。如：

　　Hearing“Help! Help!”, he rushed out .

　　Not having heard from him for months, she decided to write again .

　　(2) by sea“從海路”， 注意該詞組中間不要加冠詞， 已學過的類似結構還有：by water從水路，by air乘飛機，by land從陸路，by taxi 打的，by tube乘地鐵， by fax 通過電傳，by e-mail用電子郵件，by post/mail郵寄，by aeroplane坐飛機。

　　2.…and today they make up about 13% of the population ……現在他們（毛利人）的人口占新西蘭總人口的13%。

　　

　　〖明晰〗make up組成構成；彌補；編造。如：

　　Are all animal bodies made up of cells ?

　　I've to make up the test I missed last week .

　　He's making up a new railway guide .

　　而 make up to 接近；make up for 補償，彌補。如：

　　It was easy to make up to (= get along with)him .

　　By means of hardwork , he made up for his lack of experience .

　　3.The Maori have insisted on keeping their own customs and may of life . 毛利人一直堅持他們自己的習俗和生活方式。

　

　　〖明晰〗(1)insist on 常是對要求、看法、意見或主張的“堅持”，其后接名詞或動名詞。如：

　　She insisted on her opinion at the meeting .

　　She insisted on going with us .

　　stick to 常是對愿望、原則、決定、諾言、理論和思想的“堅持”， 其后接名詞或動名詞。如：

　　stick to the point 堅持那種觀點， stick to practising doing the experiment 堅持做這個實驗。

　　persist in 常是對某種活動堅持不懈或對某種信念固執不改， 其后接名詞或動名詞。如：

　　If you persist in breaking the law , you'll go to prison .

　　在keep on 中，on是副詞，含continue to do之意，表克服困難，頑強奮斗，其后常用動名詞。如：

　　Keep on practising and you will speak English well .

　　(2) way of life生活方式；keep their way of life alive 使他們的生活方式有滋有味

　

　　4. The happier events are marked with speeches , singing and dancing . 比較愉快的事情都伴有演講、歌唱或舞蹈。

　　〖明晰〗be marked with 以……為標志。如：

　　All these suitcases are marked with names and dates .

　　5. Some farmers have turned to keeping deer……有些牧場主已轉為養鹿了……

　　〖明晰〗turn to 轉向；變成；求教于，求助于。如：

　　She has turned to acting . 她已轉行當演員了。

　　In the dark street there was no one to whom she could turn for help .

　　Who can I turn to in my hour of need ?

　　6. Apart from their milk , the wool from their coats is used in expensive clothing . 除了鹿奶，鹿身上的皮毛還用來制作豪華服裝。

　　

　　〖明晰〗apart from和except for的相同點是“除了……外”，基不同點是apart from 還可作“除了……外還有”(=besides)。如：

　　It's a good article apart from (= except for)a few spelling mistakes .

　　Apart from her impoliteness , she is very careless .

　　7. be related to , relate to , relating to , in relation to , have some relation to , have sth to do with , be relative to

　　

　　〖明晰〗以上都作“與……有關系”，但relating, in relation to 為介詞短語。另外，口語中常用have sth to do with。如：

　　

　　Light industry is closely related to the people's life . 輕工業與人民生活有密切聯系。

　

　　I can't relate what he does to what he says . 我看他所做的和所說的完全是兩回事。

　

　　He made some remarks relative to what had happened . 他講了幾句和發生的事情有關的話。

　　Perhaps he has something to do with this case . 也許他與該案有些聯系。

　　8. apart from , except for , except , but for , besides

　　

　　〖明晰〗(1) apart from在表“除……外”時相當于except for , 但apart from表“除……之外還”之意。另外，apart from , except for , but for 都可用于句首， 但 except 不能。如：

　　Except for ( = Apart from)John , everyone was present . 除約翰外，所有的人都出席了。

　　In the air there is hydrogen apart from (= besides) oxygen . 空氣中除了氧，還有氫。

　　(2) except“除……”（含不包括其后的賓語），besides 除了……還（含包括其后的賓語）。另外，besides 還可作副詞“并且，而且”。如：

　

　　He answered all the questions except the last one . 除了最后一個問題外，所有的問題他都回答了。

　　(MET 89) Does John know any other foreign languages besides French ? 除了懂法語之外，約翰還懂其他外語嗎?

　　(3) but for 常用于“如果不是由于……”(= If it were not for……或If it had not been for…)。如：

　　But for you immediate help , I would not have finished the task . 如果不是你的及時幫助，我是不可能完成此項任務的。

　　9. tour , visit , journey , trip , travel , voyage

　　〖明晰〗(1)tour“參觀，觀光，周游，巡回旅行”，常是訪問一系列地方后又回到原出發地。visit作“參觀，訪問”時常是提前計劃好的，具有一定的正式性。journey 常指時間和距離都較長的陸路“旅行”，不含回到原出發地之意。trip常含短期短程的旅行，目的可以是公事或娛樂，�；氐皆�出發地。travel常指到國外或某個遙遠的地方去，不強調具體的目的地，指具體的旅行時常用復數，單數一般指“ 旅行”的抽象概念。journey 主要指不論路長短的水上或空中的“旅行”。試比較：

　　He came back home after years of foreign travel .

　　We seamen had pleasant weather at sea , the greater part of the voyage .

　　We will have a comfortable voyage to the Far East by air .

　　Travel is much cheaper than it used to be .

　　They'll make a journey through the continent .

　　These two young men have just completed a cycling tour of the USA .

　　10. thread , line , cord , rope

　　〖明晰〗thread ,（針）線，紗。line 線；索；繩；電線。cord 細繩；粗線。rope繩；索。 He tied his horse to a tree with a rope .

　　

　　I sewed on the buttons with a piece of thread .

　　The storm blew the lines down .

　　He tied up the thief with a cord .

【妙文賞析】

　　名人論讀書

　　※ Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom .

　　好書乃積累智慧之長明燈。(寇第斯)

　　※ That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit .

　　好書使人開卷有所求，閉卷有所獲。（奧爾科特）

　　※ A good book is the best of friends , the same today and for ever .

　　好書如好友，友情永不渝。（塔珀）

　　※ The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries .

　　

　　閱讀好書就好比是同過去多少世紀最杰出的人們交談。（笛卡爾）

　　※ Histories make men wise ; poems witty ; the mathematics subtile ; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .

　　

　　讀書使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數學使人周密，科學使人深刻，倫理學使人莊重，邏輯修辭學使人善辯。（培根）

【思維體操】

　　1. Which letter does not belong in the following series ?

　　B E H K M N Q T

　　2. Which of the five makes the best comparison ?

　　Sack is to sad as turn is to ：

　　TACK UP TURF BURN TOY

　　(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

　　答案：1. 選M 。The series is made up of every fourth letter of the alphabet starting with B .

　　2. 選B。Sad can be combined with sack to make the word “sadsack”. Up can be combined with turn to make the word“Upturn”

【心中有數】

　　單元語法發散思維

　　一、 “賓語補足語”知多少 ?

　　英語中，常對賓語的狀態、特征、動作進行說明的稱之為賓語補足語，構成“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語”這一重要句型。能用作賓語補足語的詞或短語很多，下面是中學課體中出現過的：

　　【思維1】名詞作賓補

　　He called it Micky Mouse .

　　She found him a very clever boy .

　　注意：常用的動詞有 name , call , elect , choose , appoint 等。如果賓語補足語表示的是獨一無二的職務名詞時，該名詞前不用冠詞。

　

　　They elected him president of the USA .

　　【思維2】形容詞作賓補

　　He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting .

　　They found the book instructive .

　　We must keep the classroom clean every day .

　　【思維3】副詞作賓補

　　When you have finished your experiment , please tidy the lab and put everything back in the cupboards .

　　

　　I followed him in .

　　Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister .

　　【思維4】介詞短語作賓補

　　To her surprise , she found herself in a different world .

　　I found everything in good order .

　　He thought himself above others .

　　【思維5】不定式作賓補，常有以下兩種形式

　　A . 不定式前帶 to

　　The villagers didn't allow them to do this .

　　He asked me to do some shopping for him .

　　注意：常用的動詞有 ask , tell , beg , force , allow , wish , want , expect , advise , permit , order , 等等。

　　B . 不定式前不帶 to

　　I saw all the glasses fall off onto the floor .

　　I made him change his mind at last .

　　注意：常用的動詞有使役動詞 have , let , make 和感官動詞 see , watch , notice , hear , 等等。

　

　　【思維6】現在分詞作賓補

　　We can see them flying along the river .

　　I saw him crossing the street .

　　注意：常用的動詞有 hear , watch , notice , find , smell , feel , keep , set , leave , get , 等等。

　

　　【思維7】過去分詞作賓語

　　I had my machine repaired .

　　I was thinking of this when I heard my name called .

　　注意以上三種非謂主事動詞用作賓補的區別

　　A . 從賓語與賓補的關系上看。動詞不定式與動詞的-ing形式與賓語在邏輯上是主謂關系，而過去分詞與賓語在邏輯上是動賓關系。

　

　　We found him cross the street . 我們看到他走過了街道。(= He crossed the street . )

　　We found him crossing the street . (= He was crossing the street . )

　　We had the topic discussed . (= The topic is discussed . )我們讓別人來談論這個主題。

　　B . 從意義上看。動詞不定式表示動作的全過程；動詞的-ing形式表示動作處于進行狀態；而過去分詞表示已經完成的動作。

　　

　　I heard him sing the song . 我聽見他唱了那首歌。(指動作的全過程)

　　I heard him singing the song . 我聽見他正在唱歌。(指動作正在發生)

　　I heard the song sung(by him) . 我聽見他唱過那首歌。(指動作已經完成)

　　【思維8】to be短語用作賓補

　　The people had considered him (to be) a great leader , and a wise , kind and honest man .

　　I believe him (to be) an honest man .

　　注意有時 to be 可以省略。

　　【思維9】由 as 構成的短語作賓補

　　We regard labour as a matter of honour .

　　You surely can't consider him as a selfish man .

　　【思維10】疑問代詞 / 副詞 + 不定式作賓補。

　　Could you please show me how to use the computer ?

　　He really didn't ask us what to do next .

　　【思維11】有時賓語是從句、不定式等后接形容詞(名詞等)作賓補，為了使句子平衡，須用 it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在句尾。

　　

　　They found it strange that no one took the money .

　　I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster .

　　二、如何掌握部分從屬連詞的多義性

　　NMET’98單項填空第16小題：

　　Why do you want a new job ______ you've got such a good one already?

　　

　　A . that B . where C . which D . when

　　正確答案是D。此題考查的是從屬連詞 when 的用法。但是通過題干意義可知，這里的 when 并不是我們平時常用的意義“當……的時候”，而是“既然”的意思，相當于“since”。其實從屬連詞中有不少象 　when 這樣的詞，具有多義性。本文就這一問題作一歸納，供同學們學習參考。

　　一、when

　　1 . 表示時間，意思是“當……的時候”。例如：

　　

　　The fire was put out when they came . 他們來到的時候，大火已經被撲滅了。

　　2 . 表示條件，意思是“如果……，要是……”例如：

　　When the weather is good , I usually go to the country .

　　Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine .

　　3 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：

　　How can he succeed when he won't work?

　　Why do we take the flag down at night , when we just have to put it up again

in the morning?

　　4 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，然而，可是”。例如：

　　He walks when he might ride .

　　We have only three chairs when we need five .

　　二、while

　

　　1 . 表示時間，意思是“當……的時候”，“和……同時”。例如：

　　We waited while he dined .

　　Please be quiet while I am talking to you .

　　2 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，盡管”。例如：

　　While I understand what you say , I can't agree with you .

　　While he is respected , he is not liked .

　　3 . 表示對比，意思是“而，然而”。例如：

　　She is very diligent , while he is very lazy .

　　You like sports , while I'd rather read .

　　三、If

　　1 . 表示條件或假設，意思是“如果，假如”。例如：

　　We'll stay at home if it rains tomorrow .

　　If I were you , I would not go .

　　2 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，即使”。例如：

　　I will go if I die for it .

　　If I am wrong , you come wrong , too .

　　3 . 表示時間，意思是“無論何時，當……”，相當于 whenever。例如：

　　If I do not understand what he says , I always ask him .

　　If winter comes , can spring be far behind?

　　4 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：

　　If you don't like the job , why don't you change it?

　　四、as long as , so long as

　　1 . 表示時間，意思是“達……之久”。例如：

　　You can keep the book as long as you like .

　　During the holidays , I like to stay in the countryside as long as I can .

　　2 . 表示條件，意思是“只要”。例如：

　　As long as you tell truth , I'll try to help you .

　　You may take this book away so long as you return it on time .

　　3 . 表示原因，意思是“既然，由于，因為”。例如：

　　So long as the weather is changeable these days , we'd better get in wheat in time .

　

　　So long as you are going to town tomorrow , you can do something for me .

　　五、since

　　1 . 表示時間，意思是“自從……以來”。例如：

　　I haven't heard from him since he left .

　　It is ten years since he joined the army .

　　2 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：

　　Since this method doesn't work , let's try another .

　　七、so that

　　1 . 表示目的，意思是“以便，為了”。例如：

　　They started off early so that they could get there in time .

　　The student worked hard so that he might learn more .

　　2 . 表示結果，意思是“因此，結果是”。例如：

　　I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat .

　　He spoke clearly , so that everyone heard .

　　【動腦動手】

　　單元能力立體檢測

　　●賓語與高考題

　　一、 V-ing 作賓語：

　　1 . ('86) I can't imagine ____ that with them .

　　A . do B . to do C . being done D . doing

　　2 . ('92) - I usually go there by train .

　　

　　- Why not ____ by boat for a change ?

　　A . to try going B . trying to go C . to try and go D . try going

　　3 . ('83) People can't help ____ the foolish emperor in the procession .

　　A . laugh at B . to laugh at C . laughing at D . laughing on

　　4 . ('83)We're looking forward ____ the photo exhibition .

　　A . to visiting B . to visit C . to having visited D . visiting

　　5 . - What are you going to do this morning ?

　　- I'm thinking of ____ to visit my aunt .

　　A . go B . going C . having gone D . my going

　　6 . ('85)I really enjoy ____ that kind of job .

　　A . do B . doing C . to do D . to be doing

　　7 . ('87)They wouldn't allow him ____ across the enemy line .

　　A . to risk going B . risking to go C . for risk to go D . risk going

　　8 . ('89) - What do you think of the book ?

　　- Oh , excelle