（一）. 不定式
不定式的形式變化：
不 定 式 主 動 被 動
一般 to write to be written
進行 to be writing /
完成 to have written to have been written
完成進行 to have been writing /
動 詞 不 定 式：
動詞不定式是由 to + 動詞原形構成，在句中起名詞，形容詞和副詞的作用，可以擔任除謂語以外的其它任何成分。
1. 動詞不定式作主語：
掌握一門語言不是一件容易的事情。 To mast a language is not an easy thing.
教英語是我的愛好。 To teach English is my favorite.
很樂意幫助你。 It's my pleasure to help you.
動詞不定式作主語時可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主語放在原主語的位置上。
你給了我們那么多的幫助真是太好了。It's very kind of you to have given us much help.
有必要找到目擊者。It's necessary to find the witness.
2. 動詞不定式作賓語：
我所希望的是把英語學好。 What I wish is to learn English well.
如果有可能的話，我喜歡幫助別人。I like to help others if I can.
3. 動詞不定式作賓語補語 :
我們希望你和我們在一起。We expect you to be with us.
請叫他快過來 Please ask him to come here quickly.
4. 動詞不定式作表語 ：
我應該做的是趕快完成任務。What I should do is to finish the task soon.
當務之急是馬上去找孩子�！he most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.
5. 動詞不定式作定語：
有許多方法能解決這個問題。There are many ways to solve the problem.
我有重要的事情要告訴你�！ have something important to tell you.
6. 不定式作狀語：
我們去了醫院看我們的老師。We went to the hospital to see our teacher.
她在做試驗，從一種西藏花中提取某種有用的藥物。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.
(二).分詞
分詞
do go
主動 被動
現在分詞 doing being done going
過去分詞 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
1.分詞作定語
我們可以看到東升的旭日. We can see the rising sun.
他是位退休的工人. He is a retired worker.
有個女孩坐在那里. There was a girl sitting there.
2.分詞作狀語
由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了個電話。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
3. 分詞作補語
我發現我的車不見了。I found my car missing.
我想把我的手表修一下。I'll have my watch repaired.
4. 分詞作表語
她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。She looked tired with cooking.
他依然站在桌旁。He remained standing beside the table.
5. 分詞作插入語
generally speaking 一般說來
talking of （speaking of） 說道
strictly speaking 嚴格的說
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來
從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Judging from his face, he must be ill.
總的來說，他比我跑得快。 Generally speaking, he can run faster than I.
(三).動名詞
動名詞
時態/語態 主動 被動
一般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
動名詞作主語、賓語和表語
1.作主語
南方與北方開戰了。Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
2.作賓語
這松鼠幸運得很，剛逃避了被逮住的厄運。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
3.作表語
她的工作是洗刷、清掃和照顧孩子。Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
[訓練題]
1. 工作四小時之后, 我們休息了一會兒。
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2. 煤燃燒時放出熱。
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3. 在北京逗留期間, 我參觀許多名勝古跡。
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4. 在黨的領導下, 中國人民在各方面取得了巨大的成就。
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5. 學生們說著笑著在田里勞動。
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6. 他一夜未睡,在準備一個發言稿。
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7. 她躺在床上聽音樂。
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8. 父親坐在火旁看報紙。
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9. 媽媽來信說弟弟病了。
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10. 他關掉燈, 什么也看不見。
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11. 因為沒有公共汽車, 我們不得不步行回家。
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12. 冰加熱就能變成水。
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13. 如果不邀請, 他不會來。
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14. 我們去買東西, 好嗎?
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15. 喝口水, 他又接著干。
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16. 老師的一席話深深地感動了我, 我決心更加努力學習英語。
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[訓練題]
Keys:
漢譯英：
1. Having worked for 4 hours, we stopped to have a rest.
2. Burning, coal gives out heat.
3. While staying in Beijing, I visited many historic spots.
4. Led by the Communist Party, the Chinese people have made great achievements in all fields.
5. Laughing and talking, the students worked in the field.
6. He stayed up all night long, preparing his speech.
7. He is lying in bed, listening to music.
8. The father sat by the fire, reading a newspaper.
9. My mother wrote a letter to me, saying my younger brother was ill.
10. He turned off the light, seeing nothing.
11. There being no bus, we had to walk home.
12. Heated, ice can be turned into water.
13. He won’t come here unless invited.
14. Shall we go shopping?/ Let’s go shopping, shall we?
15. Having a drink, he went on with it.
16. Moved by my teacher’s words, I have made up my mind to study English harder.
句型轉換：
(1).When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）
→On his arriving, please give me an e-mail.
(2).She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用過去分詞)
→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
(3).They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.