重點(diǎn)詞語用法
1．gain, earn, get ＆ win
1)earn 意為“賺得”，表示經(jīng)艱苦努力所得的報(bào)償。
① He earns up to $ 50 , 000 a year by writing stories.
他靠寫小說，一年收入高達(dá)五萬元。
2)gain指在斗爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中作出很大努力而“獲得”，所得的東西常具有一定價(jià)值。
① I' m new in the job but I' m already gaining experience.
這行當(dāng)我是新手，不過我已經(jīng)有點(diǎn)門道了。
3)get為普通詞，有時(shí)指不一定需要努力就能“得到”。
① Please get me a glass of water. 請(qǐng)給我拿杯水。
4)win含有取勝的一方具有優(yōu)越的特質(zhì)或條件而能克服各種障礙的意思，意為“贏得”。
① His perseverance won him many friends and a gold medal.
他因?yàn)閳?jiān)韌不拔而贏得了一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢⑶医Y(jié)識(shí)了不少朋友。
2．follow的用法
1)follow 作“跟隨”解。
① I'll lead the way, you just follow.
我來帶路，你們跟著。
② The boy followed his father out.
男孩跟著父親出去了。
③ One misfortune followed another.
不幸的事一件接著一件。
2)follow 還可作“沿著，遵循，照……辦”解。
① Follow this road until you get to the corner, then turn left.
沿著這條路走到拐角處，然后向左轉(zhuǎn)。
②These orders must be followed at once.
這些命令必須立即照辦。
③ You must follow the instructions.
你必須按指示辦事。
④ You' d better follow the teacher' s advice.
你最好聽從老師的勸告。
3)follow 還表示“聽懂，理解”，與understand同義
① Can you follow me? 你們聽得懂嗎？
② Do you follow what I am saying?
我說的話你聽得懂嗎？
4)following與the連用，意為“下面的，以下的”。
①In the following year the war came to an end.
次年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了。
②It rained on the day we arrived, but the following day was sunny.
我們到的那天正下雨，次日天氣晴朗。
③The following is /are important. 下面的很重要。
④Answer the following question (s).
回答下列問題。
⑤The three following sentences are difficult.
下面三句話很難。
5)as follows 是固定習(xí)語，意為“如下”。
①The rule is as follows. 規(guī)則如下。
② The rules are as follows. 規(guī)則如下。
③The full text reads as follows. 全文如下。
3．generation
1)generation 用作名詞，意為“同時(shí)代人，一代，一代人”是可數(shù)名詞。
①Three generations of the family have been born and brought up in this old house. 這個(gè)家族的三代人都是在這個(gè)老房子里出生和成長(zhǎng)的。
②It took three generations to build the great temple.
建造這座大寺院花了三代人的時(shí)間。
③China is building up a new generation of scientists.
中國(guó)正在造就新一代科學(xué)家。
④The new computers are much better in performance than the previous generation. 新的計(jì)算機(jī)在性能方面比上一代產(chǎn)品好得多。
⑤My generation behaves differently from my father' s and grandfather's.
我這一代人和我父輩和祖輩表現(xiàn)不同。
2)generation 還可表示“產(chǎn)生(熱)，發(fā)(電)，繁殖(后代)，是個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞。
①Steam and water are used for the generation of electricity.
蒸汽和水力可用來發(fā)電。
②The biology class studied the generation of fruit flies.
生物班的學(xué)生研究了果蠅的繁殖。
4．perform 的用法
perform [p+'f&:m]vt．執(zhí)行，完成，做；演出，表演。例如：
①They always perform their experiments with great patience.
他們總是很耐心地做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
②The computer performs these calculations with surprising speed.
計(jì)算機(jī)以驚人的速度完成這些演算。
③The surgeon was performing a dangerous operation.
外科醫(yī)生正在施行一項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)的手術(shù)。
④What play will be performed tonight?
今晚演出什么戲？
⑤The singer had never performed in Beijing before.
這位歌唱家以前從未在北京演唱過。
⑥He will be performing on the flute tonight.
今晚他將演奏笛子。
5．praise的用法
praise [preiz] vt．贊揚(yáng)，表揚(yáng)。例如：
①He was praised for his good works.
他因優(yōu)秀的作品而受到稱贊。
②Our friends praised the concert as the best they had listened to.
我們的朋友稱贊說，這是他們所聽過的最好的一場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)。
③They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade.
他們稱贊他冒著生命危險(xiǎn)去搶救自己的同志。
④He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time.
他由于提前完成工作而受到表揚(yáng)。
【注意】 praise 還可以用作名詞，意為“贊揚(yáng)；贊揚(yáng)的話”。例如：
①M(fèi)y books received high praise from general readers.
我的書極受廣大讀者的稱贊。
②The teacher's praise has greatly encouraged us.
老師的稱贊對(duì)我們鼓舞很大。
6．nowadays的用法
nowadays [nau+'deiz] adv．表示與以前相比，意為“時(shí)下；現(xiàn)今”，
常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
①Nowadays a lot of people go abroad.
時(shí)下有很多人出國(guó)。
②Nowadays young people prefer watching TV to reading books.
現(xiàn)今年輕人喜歡看電視而不喜歡看書。
③In some parts of the world nowadays, you often see musicians performing in the streets to passers-by. 現(xiàn)在世界上有些地區(qū)，你還可以經(jīng)常看到音樂家在街頭為行人演奏。
④They used to read novels, but nowadays they read newspapers.
他們過去通常讀小說，而現(xiàn)在他們看報(bào)紙了。
7．Otherwise
1)為連詞，意為“否則”、“不然”。相當(dāng)于or，or else。
①Do what you've been told; otherwise you will be punished.
照吩咐的去做，否則你將受到懲罰。
②Hurry up, otherwise you'll be late.
趕快，否則你要遲到了。
③Otherwise he would still be working because his heart and soul were still in the classroom with his students. 不然，他肯定還會(huì)繼續(xù)工作下去，因?yàn)樗男娜栽诮淌依锖退膶W(xué)生們?cè)谝黄稹?/p>
④Don' t move, otherwise I'll shoot you.
別動(dòng)，否則我開槍打死你。
2)otherwise 還可作副詞用，意為“在其它方面”、“在不同情況之下”。
如：
①The rent is high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory.
租金是挺高的，但話說回來，這屋子還是令人滿意的。
②The boy is naughty, but otherwise he is always doing well as he is told.
這孩子很頑皮，但從另一方面說，他總是按照吩咐把事情做得很好。
3)otherwise 也可作“不同地”、“不那樣”、“用其它的方法”解釋。
如：
①He should have been working, but he was otherwise engaged.
他應(yīng)該已經(jīng)在工作，但是他在忙別的事情。
②It is clear that you think otherwise.
很清楚，你有不同的想法。
8．part作為動(dòng)詞時(shí)的用法
1) part 意為“(使)分開，分道”，常用 part sth. from sth., part sb. 如：
①The crowd parted and let us through.
人群分開讓我們通過。
②We tried to part the two fighters.
我們?cè)噲D把兩個(gè)打架的人分開。
③The police parted the crowd. 警察排開眾人。
④The English Channel parts Britain from France.
英吉利海峽把英法兩國(guó)分開。
⑤His hair was parted exactly in the middle.
他的頭發(fā)在正中分開。
2)part 還可作“分手”、“斷絕關(guān)系”解釋。如：
① The little boy wouldn' t be parted from his pet rabbit.
這個(gè)小男孩不愿和他心愛的兔子分開。
②They were parted as children and didn' t meet again for more than 20 years.
他們?cè)谕陼r(shí)分手后，二十多年未見過面。
③Let's part friends. 讓我們和和氣氣地分開。
3)part with 作“離開…”、“放棄”解。
①He hates to part with his money. 他極不喜歡花錢。
②In order to raise money, Mr Brown had to part with his gold watch.
為了籌款，布朗先生不得不賣掉他的金表。
重要詞組短語
1．be familiar with
1)be familiar with 是指“(某人)對(duì)(某人、事)熟悉”。
①I' m not very familiar with European history. 我對(duì)歐洲歷史不太熟悉。
②I am quite familar with the author. 我很熟悉這位作家。
③I' m familiar with his character. 我很了解他的性格。
【注】以上各句可以改為：
①European history is not familiar to me.
②The author is quite familiar to me.
③His character is familiar to me.
④These facts are familiar to every schoolboy.
這些是每個(gè)學(xué)生都熟悉的事實(shí)。
2)be familiar with/to 還可表示“精通，通曉”。
①He is familiar with four languages.
他通曉四國(guó)語言。
②French is as familiar to him as English.
他對(duì)法語就象對(duì)英語一樣精通。
2．learn…by heart 的用法
learn…by heart 意為“記住；背誦”。例如：
①I have learned the reading materials by heart.
我們已經(jīng)背會(huì)了閱讀材料。
②Have you learned by heart the main points of the article.
這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容你都能背得出來嗎？
③It' s very difficult for the children to learn the poem by heart.
對(duì)孩子們來說背誦那首詩很困難。
3．pass away, pass down, pass on, ＆ pass out
1) pass away 意為“死”，是種委婉說法。
①His mother passed away last year. 去年他母親去世了。
2)pass sth down 意為“把某物一代一代傳下去”。
①This ring has been passed down in my family.
這戒指是我家傳下來的。
3)pass sth. on是“將某物傳、交給(某人)”的意思。
①Pass the book on to me when you've finished with it.
那本書你看完了給我。
4)pass out意為“失去知覺，昏厥”。
① When the young man heard the news, he passed out with the shock.
那個(gè)年輕人聽到這個(gè)消息，由于震驚昏了過去。
4．dance to the music 隨著音樂起舞
這一短語中的to為介詞，表示“隨著”、“伴隨”、“比較”、“適應(yīng)”等。如：
①Strange enough, the snake began to move to the music.
奇怪的是，蛇隨著音樂的節(jié)拍動(dòng)了起來。
②The girl began to sing to the piano.
這女孩隨著鋼琴唱了起來。
③The picture is true to nature. 那幅畫很逼真。
④The map was drawn to scale. 這地圖是按比例繪制的。
⑤You can add salt to taste. 你可以按照口味加鹽。
⑥We won by six goals to three. 我們以六比三獲勝。
⑦He' s quite rich now to what he used to be.
比起他過去的情形來，他現(xiàn)在很富裕了。
⑧It's nothing to what it might be.
比起它可能的發(fā)展，這算不了什么。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1．I think at the beginning we' d rather have some fairly quiet and peaceful music.
1)句中“…’d rather have…”是“… would rather have…”的縮寫，意為
“寧愿”，相當(dāng)于：“… would prefer to have…” would rather 后接動(dòng)詞原形，否定式為 would rather not do…；后接從句通常用過去式，表示虛擬語氣。如：
①Which would you rather have, bread or rice?
米飯和面包，你愿吃哪一樣？
②We' d rather not meet them. 我們才不愿見到他們呢。
③I' d much rather you told me the truth. 我真寧愿你把真相告訴我。
④Would you rather I did it? 你是要我干這件事嗎？
2)句中fairly是副詞，意為“相當(dāng)”解。fairly 的近義詞是rather；它所表示的概念是積極的、令人滿意的，因此多用來修飾某些帶有褒義色彩的形容詞或副詞。如：
① He is a fairly brave boy. 他是一名勇敢的孩子。
②The food in that restaurant is fairly good. 那家餐館的食品挺不錯(cuò)的。
rather 含有一種消極的、令人不愉快、不滿意的意思，因而像dirty，badly，ugly，terrible 之類的形容詞、副詞就用 rather來修飾。如：
①I am rather tired. I think I will lie down for a rest.
我相當(dāng)累了，我想躺下歇一會(huì)兒。
在用法上，rather可以同too連用(作“稍微……一點(diǎn)”解)，也可修飾形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)；fairly則不能。如：
(×)This lesson is fairly too difficult.
(√)This lesson is rather too difficult.
(×)His composition is fairly finer than we expected.
(√)His composition is rther finer than we expected.
2．there be 結(jié)構(gòu)
1) there be 結(jié)構(gòu)表“存在”，“be”的形式由后面所帶的名詞決定，若后
接一系列事物，而第一個(gè)事物為單數(shù)，則仍用there is。
①There is a lamp on the table. 桌上有盞燈。
②There are many apple trees in the garden.
花園里有許多蘋果樹。
③There is some cheese and some butter on the plate.
盤子里有一些奶酪和黃油。
④There is a text book, a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk.
桌子上有一本教科書，一本字典和幾本筆記。
2)there be 結(jié)構(gòu)可以用各種一般時(shí)態(tài)。
①There are many English books in the library.
圖書館里有很多英文書。
②There was a meeting at the club yesterday.
昨天俱樂部有個(gè)會(huì)。
③There will be a good harvest this year.
今年有個(gè)好收成。
④There hasn' t been any rain for some days.
幾天來一直未下雨。
3) there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中可以用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
①There may be another downpour tonight.
今晚可能又有大雨。
②There must be something wring.
一定是出什么毛病了。
③There used to be a cinema here before the war.
這里戰(zhàn)前曾有一座電影院。
4)there be 結(jié)構(gòu)還可以用被動(dòng)式。
①There are now published millions of books every year in China.
現(xiàn)在中國(guó)每年出版成百萬冊(cè)書。
②On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.
第二天大擺盛宴。
5)there be 結(jié)構(gòu)還可以用疑問式。
①Is there a telephone in your room? 你房間里有電話嗎？
Yes, there is, 是的，有。 /No, there isn' t, 不，沒有。
②Will there be a meeting tonight? 今晚有會(huì)嗎？
Yes, there will. /No, there won' t.
是的，有。 /不，沒有。
③Have there been any letters from Jack lately?
近日有Jack的來信嗎？
Yes, there have. /No, there haven' t.
是的，有。 /不，沒有。
6)there be結(jié)構(gòu)否定式，可在 be后加 not，也可在主語前加 no．
①There isn' t a telephone in the room. 屋里沒電話。
②There aren' t any chairs in the room. 房間里沒有椅子。
③There wasn' t any water in the bottle. 瓶子里沒水。
④There won' t be a meeting tonight. 今晚沒會(huì)。
⑤There hasn' t been any rain for ten days. 近十天一直沒有雨。
⑥There is no smoking here. 這里不許抽煙。
⑦There are no books I want. 沒有我需要的書。
7)there be結(jié)構(gòu)除可用 be外，還可用其它動(dòng)詞。
①There came a scent of lime-blossom.
飄來一陣菩提樹的花香。
②Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
從前中國(guó)有一個(gè)國(guó)王。
③There appears to be a mistake. 似乎有個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
8)there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的主語之后可接不定式或從句。
①There's plenty of housework to do. 有許多家務(wù)要做。
②There was no one for us to talk to.
我們沒有一個(gè)可說話的人。
③There' s some people I'd like you to meet.
有幾個(gè)人我希望你見見面。
3．動(dòng)詞prefer后跟復(fù)合賓語
1)prefer 后的復(fù)合賓語一般都是不定式，即 prefer sb. (not) to do sth.
如：
①They preferred her not to go with them.
他們寧愿她不跟他們?nèi)ァ?/p>
②I should prefer you not to go there alone.
我寧愿你不要單獨(dú)前往。
③I should prefer you not to stay there too long.
我倒希望你不要在那兒呆得太久。
④At the moment, I should prefer you not to talk about the question.
在這個(gè)時(shí)刻，我倒希望你不要談?wù)撨@個(gè)問題。
2)用prefer表示“寧愿…不愿”的幾種用法。首先我們看 prefer…to…這一結(jié)構(gòu)，其中to為介詞，后接名詞。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“喜歡…而不喜歡…”，介詞to 短語為所不喜歡的人或事物。如：
①I prefer tea to coffee. 咖啡和茶相比，我更喜歡茶。
② He prefers beer to wine. 他喜歡啤酒，而不是葡萄酒。
③John prefers Dickens to Thackery. 約翰喜歡狄更斯而不是薩克雷。
3)當(dāng)我們要表示主語喜歡或不喜歡的是一種動(dòng)作時(shí)，在 prefer…to…后應(yīng)分別跟上動(dòng)名詞。如：
①Few children prefer working to playing.
很少有孩子喜歡干活而不喜歡玩的。
②I prefer reading novels to watching TV.
看小說與看電視相比，我更喜歡看小說。
③He prefers doing to talking.
他寧愿干實(shí)事而不愿空談。
4) prefer…rather than…寧愿…而不愿…(跟不定式)
①She preferred to stay home rather than go with us.
她寧愿呆在家里也不愿同我們一起去。
②He prefers to go to the town by bike rather than take a bus.
他寧愿騎自行車去鎮(zhèn)上而不愿乘汽車去。
③I prefer to work rather than sit there doing nothing.
我寧愿干活不愿坐在那里無所事事。
④In the battle, the soldiers preferred to die rather than give in.
在戰(zhàn)斗中，戰(zhàn)士們寧死也不愿向敵人投降。
【注】prefer…rather than…后面接動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在prefer后接帶to的不定式，
在 rather than后接動(dòng)詞原形，也可在 prefer…rather than…后分別接名詞。如：
⑤I think I should prefer fish rather than meat.
我想我還是要魚，不要肉。