非謂語動(dòng)詞總結(jié)
第一節(jié) 概述
英語中動(dòng)詞有謂語和非謂語之分。謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要與主語保持一致，而非謂語動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。非謂語動(dòng)詞主要包括：動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過去分詞三種。
學(xué)非謂語動(dòng)詞必須要了解它們的形式和在句子中的功能，請(qǐng)看下面兩個(gè)表格：
1.非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)形式（以動(dòng)詞do為例）：
動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞的_ing形式 過去分詞
一般式 主動(dòng) to do doing 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只有一種形式即done。及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞常表示被動(dòng)和完成，而個(gè)別動(dòng)詞(多數(shù)是不及物動(dòng)詞)只表示完成
被動(dòng) to be done being done
完成式 主動(dòng) to have done having done
被動(dòng) to have been done having been done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing ×
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing ×
2. 非謂語動(dòng)詞在句子中的功能：
主語 賓語 表語 定語 補(bǔ)語 狀語 同位語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ ×
_ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
過去分詞 × × √ √ √ √ ×
第二節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
一． 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)：
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生；不定式的進(jìn)行式（通常用于動(dòng)態(tài)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）表示不定式動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同步發(fā)生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞而發(fā)生或表示一個(gè)實(shí)際未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；不定式的完成進(jìn)行式往往強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前一直在進(jìn)行。例如：
1. When I spoke to him, he pretended ___________(look) for something here and there.
2. He looked tired. He seemed ______________(work) all night.
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________(invent) the first computer.
4. I would love _________ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
5. He ordered the man __________ (go) there at once.
二． 動(dòng)詞不定式的語態(tài)：
一般情況下，在一個(gè)含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的邏輯主語（即不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）該不定式常用主動(dòng)形式；如果出現(xiàn)的是不定式的邏輯賓語（即不定式動(dòng)作的承受者），該不定式常用被動(dòng)形式。但是，下面幾種結(jié)構(gòu)卻常用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)：
(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性質(zhì)特征的形容詞之后的不定式或用這些詞修飾一個(gè)名詞后跟的不定式常用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)；
(2).少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如blame(責(zé)備), let(出租)等的不定式作表語時(shí)常用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。
6. This sentence is easy ___________ (understand).
7. I can’t go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_________ (wash).
8. “Have you any clothes __________ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女傭).
9.Our school is a nice place _________ (visit).
10. I found the chair comfortable _________ (sit) in.
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).
12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).
13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.
14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).
三._ing形式的時(shí)態(tài):
_ing形式的一般式通常表示該動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語之后；完成式則表示
動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞而發(fā)生。如：
15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.
16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.
17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.
18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.
19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.
四._ing形式的語態(tài)：
一般情況下，需要找準(zhǔn)-ing動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，若它們之間是主謂關(guān)系，-ing動(dòng)詞常用
主動(dòng)；若它們之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，-ing動(dòng)詞就要用被動(dòng)。但在動(dòng)詞need, want, require,及形容
詞worth之后的-ing必須用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。如：
20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).
21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).
22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.
23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.
24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
25. The book is well worth ________ (read).
第三節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法比較
一、作主語
動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主語。
（1）、一般來說，不定式作主語時(shí)，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具體的或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作；而_ing形式作主語時(shí)，通常表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性的、泛指的、或不具體的動(dòng)作。如：
26. ________ (refuse) him is not easy this time.
27. _________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.
28. ________ (teach) English is my job.
29. ________ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future.
（2）、當(dāng)句子的主語和表語都是非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，兩者在形式上一般保持一致；比較狀語從句中的主語形式通常也取決于主句里的主語形式。如：
30. ______ (see) is to believe.==________ (see) is believing.
31. ________ (say) is easier than to do.
32. ________ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it.
（3）、在日常英語中，為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡，常用it作形式主語而將不定式或-ing放在句末
這時(shí)候要注意下面的習(xí)慣句型：
It + be + 形容詞或名詞+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.
It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.
There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)
33. It was foolish of you _________ (give) up what you rightly owned.
34. There is no ________ (hold) back the wheel of history.
35. I think it’s no good _______ (argue) with your parents.
二、作賓語
動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的_ing形式都可以在句子中作賓語。
（1）、有些及物動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，不能接-ing形式，常見的有：hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。
（2）、有些及物動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)詞的_ing形式作賓語，不能接不定式，常見的有：enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, allow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。
（3）、有些動(dòng)詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義相同，常見的有：begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意，begin, start 如遇下面三種情況時(shí)接不定式為最佳：
A. 句子的主語是物而不是人時(shí)，如：The ice began to melt.
B. 當(dāng)begin, start 用了進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí), 如：He’s beginning to understand it.
C. 當(dāng)begin, start 后作賓語的動(dòng)詞屬于心理活動(dòng)、精神狀態(tài)類動(dòng)詞（如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）時(shí)，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home.
（4）、有些動(dòng)詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義有細(xì)微差別，常見的動(dòng)詞有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一個(gè)特定的、一次性的、將來的動(dòng)作)
like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、習(xí)慣性的、或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
36. I like _________ (swim) but I don’t like _______ (swim) today.
37. Would you love ________ (go) to the zoo with us?
38. I felt like _______ (cry) at the news.
（5）、有些動(dòng)詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義完全不同，常見動(dòng)詞有：
39. We must try ________ (finish) the work on time.
Let’s try _______ (work) out the maths problem in another way,
40. I remember ______ (see) her somewhere before.
You must remember _______ (post) the letter for me.
41. He forgot ______ (pay) and asked to be paid again.
Don’t forget _______ (turn) off the light when you leave.
42. I regret _______ (miss) such a good chance.
I regret _______ (say) that I can’t lend you so much money.
43. Doing like that means _________ (cheat).
I didn’t mean ________ (hurt) your feeling that day.
44. I can’t help ________ (do) housework today. I’m busy preparing a report.
I couldn’t help _________ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.
45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _______ (talk).
As he was very busy that day, he didn’t stop _______ (talk) with me.
46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on ________ (work) in the fields.
After listening to the text, we went on _______(read).
47. The baby needs ______ (look) after. =The baby needs ________ after.
You don’t need _______ (look) after the baby today.
48. Our school is well worth ________ (visit).
Our school is well worthy ________ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _________.
（6）、介詞后的賓語一般用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介詞之后若有連接詞時(shí)也要接不定式。如：
49. I have no choice but _______ (wait).
50. He gave me some advice on how _______ (study) it well.
51. He has no idea of what _______ (do) next.
52. I was about ______ (go) out when it began to rain.
注意：A. 下面短語中的to是介詞，后面要接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式而不接不定式。
devote---to---, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer---to---, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(習(xí)慣于------),等等。
B.有些短語中介詞經(jīng)常省略，這時(shí)要注意接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop ---(from) doing sth.,等等。
（7）、當(dāng)不定式和_ing形式作“主語+謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語”句型中的賓語時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語，把真正的賓語置于補(bǔ)語之后，常見句型有：
主語+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
主語+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.
三、作表語
所有的非謂語動(dòng)詞都可以在句子中作表語，其區(qū)別在：
（1）、不定式作表語通常表示一次性、特指的、將來的或具體的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)還可以表示計(jì)劃安排將要發(fā)生的事或一種命令要求。
（2）、-ing形式作表語通常表示習(xí)慣性、泛指的、不具體的動(dòng)作或表示主語的性質(zhì)特征（主要是一些表示感情情緒的詞，譯為“令人感到……的”）
（3）、過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，常具有被動(dòng)含義（主要是一些表示感情情緒的詞，譯為“感到……的”），這樣的動(dòng)詞常見的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：
53. No one is ______ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.
54. My job is ______ (teach) English and my wish is ______ (be) a lawyer.
55. The president is ______ (visit) our country next month.
56. The speech was very _________ (move) and we were all _______ (move) to tears.
四、作定語
所有的非謂語動(dòng)詞都可以作定語，其區(qū)別在：
（1）、不定式作定語常放在被修飾的名詞之后，通常可以表示：
A. 一個(gè)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作。如：
The building to be built next month will be a hospital.
B. 被修飾的名詞與用作定語的不定式之間可能是邏輯上的“主+謂”關(guān)系，也可能是邏輯上的“動(dòng)+賓”關(guān)系。如：
Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+謂”關(guān)系)
I have nothing to write. (“動(dòng)+賓”關(guān)系) 我沒有什么東西可寫。
C. 如果是“動(dòng)+賓”關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式之后有時(shí)需要添上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，而在名詞time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所帶的介詞可以省略，如：
I have nothing to write on. 我沒有什么東西可以上面寫字。
I have nothing to write with. 我沒有什么東西可以用來寫字。
I have no time to rest.
注意：這種帶介詞的不定式短語常可以轉(zhuǎn)換為“介詞+which / whom+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：They had only a cold room to live in.==
They had only a cold room in which to live.
D. 下列情況常用不定式作定語：
當(dāng)句子中的謂語是一些特定的動(dòng)詞，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它們后面的名詞（賓語或表語）常用不定式修飾。
當(dāng)名詞前有特定的定語，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，其后常用不定式作定語。
在There be句型中，主語之后常用不定式作定語。
有一些特定的名詞之后常用不定式作定語，常見的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。
例：You have no right to speak here.
He is the only person to know the truth.
There is nothing to worry about.
My parents had no chance to go to college.
（2）、動(dòng)詞的_ing形式作定語時(shí)，如果是單個(gè)詞，常放在被修飾名詞之前；如果是-ing短語，要放在名詞之后。_ing作定語通常可以表示：
A. 被修飾名詞的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.
B. 被修飾名詞的性質(zhì)特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.
C．被修飾名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc.
（3）、過去分詞作定語通常表示：
A. 被動(dòng)，如：He is a man loved by all the people.
B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.
a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled water
C. 被修飾名詞所處的狀態(tài)，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.
五、作狀語
所有的非謂語動(dòng)詞都可以在句子中充當(dāng)狀語，其區(qū)別在：
（1）、不定式（短語）常在句子中作目的、結(jié)果和原因狀語，常見句式有：
目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.
結(jié)果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; too…to do sth.; only to do sth.
原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.
（2）、_ing形式和過去分詞位于句首時(shí)常作時(shí)間、原因、條件狀語，位于句末時(shí)主要作方式、伴隨或結(jié)果狀語。究竟該用_ing還是過去分詞，主要取決于句子的主語，若它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系就用_ing形式，若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，就用過去分詞。
57. He raised his hand ________ the taxi stop. (have)
58. _______ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)
59. The parents died, _______ him an orphan. (leave)
60. ______ to college, he works very hard. (go)
61. I’m not such a boy as ______ him. (believe)
62. _______ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)
注意：A. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語通常是句子的主語，如：
（×）Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）It being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(×) Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.
（√）Hearing the news, I burst into tears.
（√）When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.
B．有些非謂語動(dòng)詞可以相當(dāng)于獨(dú)立成分、介詞或連詞使用，這時(shí)候它們常有自己固定的形式，與句子的主語不存在任何的邏輯關(guān)系，常見的有：
to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老實(shí)說)
to make things worse (更糟糕的是)
to begin with / start with (首先)
generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/嚴(yán)格/準(zhǔn)確地說)
judging from / by (根據(jù)/從……判斷)
talking of (談到…… )
considering (考慮到……)
including (其中包括……) compared with / to… (與……相比)
六、作補(bǔ)語
所有的非謂語動(dòng)詞都可以作補(bǔ)語，在使用中要注意下面幾種情況：
（1）、有許多動(dòng)詞，如：ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
（2）、在感官動(dòng)詞notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三種非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語，其區(qū)別在：_ing作補(bǔ)語表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作與賓語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，還要用其被動(dòng)形式being done；過去分詞作補(bǔ)語常表示一個(gè)完成被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；不定式作補(bǔ)語可以表示一個(gè)全過程、一個(gè)具體的、將來的、或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：
63. I saw the classroom ________ (clean) when I passed by it.
64. The missing children were last seen ______ (play) by the river.
65. I often hear him ________ (sing) in the next room.
66. I saw the room _________ (clean). Everything was put in order.
67. I saw him ________ (open) the door, _______ (walk) into the room, and ______ (sit) down at the desk.
（3）、注意使讓動(dòng)詞之后的補(bǔ)語用法：
A．have sb. do sth.==get sb. to do sth. “請(qǐng)/叫/讓某人做某事” 與賓語的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的。
B．have sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容許某人做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。
C．get sb. doing sth.“使某人開始做某事”。
D．have sb./sth. done ==get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被……或使……遭受……”，表示被動(dòng)
E．make /let sb. do sth.表主動(dòng)。
F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被動(dòng)。
（4）、有些動(dòng)詞后不能接非謂語動(dòng)詞特別是不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，常考的動(dòng)詞有：agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.
(5)、有些動(dòng)詞后需要接_ing作賓語，而接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，常見的動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。
例：68.You’d better have someone else _______ (help) you. I’m too busy.
69.He already had his eyes ________ (examine) in the hospital yesterday.
70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _______ (understand).
71.We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in our classroom.
72.He didn’t allow his son _____ (play) computer games.
七、作同位語
動(dòng)詞的_ing形式常被用來解釋一個(gè)名詞的具體內(nèi)容，在句子中充當(dāng)同位語，如：
His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.
The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.
第四節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
一、 否定結(jié)構(gòu)：
所有非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)都是在非謂語動(dòng)詞前直接加否定詞not或never等構(gòu)成。
例：Excuse me for not coming back in time.
Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.
He advised me never to go out alone at night.
二、 動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是指帶有主語的動(dòng)詞不定式，其形式有以下兩種：
（1）、for sb. to do sth.(側(cè)重動(dòng)作), 可以用于各種句子結(jié)構(gòu)中。
（2）、of sb. to do sth.(側(cè)重對(duì)邏輯主語品行的評(píng)價(jià))，這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于下列形容詞之后：bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。
73.It’s very important ____ us to learn English well.
74.It’s very foolish ____ you to believe him. == You are very foolish to believe him
75.There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.
76.I stepped aside ____ her to pass.
三、 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
由動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞_ing一起構(gòu)成，在句子中主要作主語和賓語，其形式有：
（1）、形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)詞的_ing
（2）、人稱代詞賓格或名詞普通格+動(dòng)詞的_ing
注意、A、當(dāng)句子的主語就是_ing動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語時(shí)不能用復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.)
Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.)
B、_ing作主語放在句首時(shí)，只能用第（1）種形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
His being ill made us very sad.
C、當(dāng)無生命的名詞或兩個(gè)以上的名詞/代詞并列作_ing的邏輯主語時(shí)，只能用第（2）種形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Can you hear the noise of the machine running.
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?
四、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
（1）、由“名詞或代詞主格+動(dòng)詞的_ing形式或過去分詞”構(gòu)成，在句子中作狀語，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨情況或方式。主要用于句子的主語不是非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語時(shí)。如：
77.All the work_______ (do), he had a rest. （時(shí)間狀語）
78.Weather ________ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.（條件狀語）
79.The boy stood there, his right hand _______ (raise). （伴隨情況）
80.He _____ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. （原因狀語）
81.There ______ (be) no buses, we had to walk home. （原因狀語）
（2）、由“with/without +名詞/代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞_ing /過去分詞/不定式/介詞（短語）/形容詞/副詞”等構(gòu)成，在句子中可以作狀語或定語。如：
82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ (tie) behind his back.
83.With a lot of work ____ (do), I can’t go to the cinema with you.
84.He left without anybody ______ (know).
五、“連接詞+ to do”，“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
（1）、“連接詞+to do”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞的作用，在句中作主語、賓語和表語，常可以轉(zhuǎn)換成由該連詞引出的從句。
(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作狀語，主句的主語是此結(jié)構(gòu)中doing和done的邏輯主語，如果它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的，就用doing，是被動(dòng)的就用done。
85. Please tell me what _______ (do ) next. ==Please tell me what I should do next.
86. The problem is whether _______ (go) by bus or by plane.
87. When ______ (start) the project hasn’t been decided yet.
88. Be careful when / while ________(cross) the street.
89. When________ (heat), ice will melt.
90. He won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite).
第五節(jié) 動(dòng)詞不定式的兩種省略情況
一、 省略不定式符號(hào)to的情況：
(1).不定式在感官動(dòng)詞notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, 和使讓動(dòng)詞have, make, let 之后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，符號(hào)to必須省略。但是當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語，符號(hào)to不能省略。
例：We often hear him sing the song at home.→ He is often heard to sing the song at home.
(2).在動(dòng)詞help之后作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式，符號(hào)to可有可無。
(3).兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式由連詞and / or / than / but 等連接時(shí)，從第二個(gè)不定式起的符號(hào)to常常省略。
例：The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
注意：如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比，不能省略to。
例：It’s more difficult to do than to say.
The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.
I wondered whether to stay or to leave.
(4).不定式作表語，用來解釋主語部分中do的內(nèi)容時(shí)可以不帶to。如：
What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.
The first thing she did was go up to her trainer and thank her.
(5).在why或why not引起的表示建議或責(zé)問的省略問句中不能帶to。
Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us?
(6).在一些類似情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的詞組如：had better, would rather … than … , can’t (help / choose) but 等之后的動(dòng)詞不帶to。
(7).不定式作but或except的賓語時(shí)，若前面有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do / does / did / to do等形式，不帶to。如：
I did nothing but / except do my homework last night.
She had nothing to do but wait.
(8).當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞do / does / did用來加強(qiáng)語氣或構(gòu)成倒裝句時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞不能帶to。如：
Seldom does he go home this term. I did tell him the news.
(9).當(dāng)dare用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面的不定式有時(shí)也不帶to，特別是在否定句中。
She didn’t dare (to) ask the teacher.
(10).在美國口語中，用在祈使語氣中表示目的，在動(dòng)詞come / try / go / run等之后的不定式可以不帶to。如：
Come tell me if he arrives. Go tell your mother. Try open the door again.
二、 省略to之后的動(dòng)詞部分的情況：
一般說來，當(dāng)不定式內(nèi)容是重復(fù)前面的內(nèi)容時(shí)，to后的成分可以承前省略，但要保留符
號(hào)to，此時(shí)省略的成分相當(dāng)于do so，這種結(jié)構(gòu)一定要有上文或一定的語境。如：
_ Will you go with me? _ Well, I’d like to.
_ Why didn’t you bring an umbrella with you? _ I meant to, but I forgot about it.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
He can’t eat as much as he used to.
注意：當(dāng)不定式內(nèi)容是助動(dòng)詞be / have時(shí)，to后要保留原形的be / have。如：
He hasn’t succeeded in the exam, but in fact he ought to have.
She is no longer what she used to be.
第六節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞綜合練習(xí)
1. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _______ at the meeting by my boss. (2004)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
2. Helen had to shout _______ above the sound of the music. (2004 Ⅲ)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
3. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live. (2003)
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
4. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______ .(1996)
A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
5. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
6. _ Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
_ ______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (NMET1999)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
7. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. (NMET1999)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
8. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET1998). A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
9. Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004)
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
10. With two exams _______ , I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004)
A. worrying about B. worried about C. to worry about D. to worry
11. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. (2004)
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. (2004)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
13. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
14. Alice returned from the manager’s office, _______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004). A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
15. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have wait
參考答案：1~5 CDBCC 6~10 CBABC 11~15 CABDC
非謂語動(dòng)詞總結(jié)練習(xí)參考答案
第二節(jié)：1. to be looking 2. to have been working 3. to have invented 4. to have gone
5. to go 6. to understand 7. to wash 8. to be washed
9.to visit 10. to sit 11. to answer 12. to blame
13. to fire 14. to be fired 15. Walking 16. having taught
17.singing 18. having finished 19. joining 20. being invited
21. watering 22. giving 23. being built 24. Given
25. reading
第三節(jié)：26. To refuse 27. Walking 28. Teaching 29. To be
30. To see; Seeing 31. To say 32. Reading 33. to give
34. holding 35. arguing 36. swimming; to swim 37. to go
38. crying 39. to finish; working 40. seeing; to post 41. being paid; to turn 42. missing; to say 43. cheating; to hurt 44. to do; thinking 45. talking; to talk
46. working; to read 47. looking/to be looked; to look 48. visiting; to be visited/being visited 49. To wait 50. to study 51. to do 52. to go 53. to learn
54. teaching; to be 55. to visit 56. moving; moved 57. to have 58. Seen
59. leaving 60. to go 61. to believe 62. Being 63. being cleaned/cleaned
64. playing 65. sing 66. cleaned 67. open; walk; sit 68. help
69. examined 70. understood 71. smoking 72. to play
第四節(jié)：73. for 74. of 75. for 76. for 77. done 78. permitting
79. raised 80. being 81. being 82. tied 83. to do 84. knowing
85. to do 86. to go 87. to start 88. crossing 89. heated 90. invited
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳