非謂語動詞
I like cooking. ”
He likes cooking.
It' s not easy for me to learn English.
Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.
以上英語句子中____________________等具有動詞特征，但是在句子中不能作謂語的動詞形式，就叫動詞的非謂語形式，也叫非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞是不隨 _______________變化而變化的，它們不受人稱和數(shù)的限定，所以又叫“非限定動詞”。
動詞的非謂語形式有三種：
（1）動詞不定式：to study (to + 動詞原形)
（2）分詞：studying (現(xiàn)在分詞)、studied (過去分詞)
（3）動名詞：studying (形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同)
動詞非謂語形式有以下幾種形式變化（以write為例）：
形態(tài) 主動 被動
動詞不定式 一般
進(jìn)行
完成
完成進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞 一般
完成
過去分詞 一般 written
一、動詞不定式
二、動名詞
動名詞可以起 ______詞的作用，在句子中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。
動名詞的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定詞。
（一）做____________________
Fishing in this lake is forbidden.
Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things.
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps.
My job is teaching.
注意：
在______________; ______________; __________ ; _______________ ; _________________ ;___________________ 等習(xí)慣表達(dá)中，
It為__________，而將做主語的動名詞短語放在后面。例如：
It’s no use /good ringing her up now.
Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?
It’s wise trying again.
It is of great importance fighting against pollution.
It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early.
It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.
（二）動名詞短語作___________________。
He avoided giving me a definite answer.
David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.
I couldn’t risk missing that train.
常用的能接動名詞的動詞有：
承認(rèn)__________，感激__________，避免__________，建議___________，不禁__________，慶祝__________，考慮__________，完成___________，延期__________，忍耐___________，喜歡__________，結(jié)束___________，想象__________，保持___________，在意__________，錯過___________，允許__________，練習(xí)___________，冒險__________，明白___________。
例如：
（三）動名詞短語作___________。如：
The children are fond of listening to pop music.
Are you interested in going to the show?
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way.
Excuse me for interrupting you.
Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out. 做
（四）動名詞也可以有自己的邏輯主語，就是在動名詞短語前面加上
_____________________。
I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me.
I can hardly imagine Peter’s sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
Linda’s coming will do you good.
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.
（五）動名詞的完成式和被動語態(tài)：
（1）完成式表示__________________________________。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise.
I don’t remember having talked with him before.
I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.
（2）當(dāng)___________________________________，動名詞要用被動語態(tài)。例如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that.
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K.
He doesn’t like being laughed at.
（六）某些動詞可接不定式也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義有差別。
（1）like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜愛，厭惡的動詞后面，
動名詞表示______________________
不定式表示______________________
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you.
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him.
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight.
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.
The reporter would /should like to see you again.
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.
（2） forget to do sth. ___________________
forget doing sth.___________________
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off.
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off.
（3）remember to do sth. _________________
remember doing sth. _________________
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?
You must remember to leave tomorrow。
（4）stop to do sth. __________________
stop doing sth. __________________
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path.
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating,
（5） regret to do sth. _____________________
regret doing sth. ____________________
I regret saying that.
I regret to tell you the following truth.
（6）try to do sth. __________________
try doing sth. _________________
You must try to do it again.
Let’s try doing the work in some other way.
（7） mean to do sth. __________________
mean doing sth. __________________
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait.
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 。
I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
（8） go on to do sth. _____________________
go on doing sth. _____________________
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long.
現(xiàn)在做一些練習(xí)：
1．根據(jù)括號里的漢語意思用動名詞填空：
1) ____________（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise.
2) His work is ________________(修自行車).
3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork ______________(吃肉).
4) We will only succeed by ____________________(努力工作）.
5) Tom hates __________________(早晨9點以后起床).
6) I could' t help ________________(遲到).
7) _____________________(等著沒用) there won' t be another bus.
2. 用動詞不定式或動名詞填空：
1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought.
2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down.
3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out.
4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two astronauts on its surface.
5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday.
6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing.
7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question.
8) He made her ___ (go) although she wanted ___ (stay).
9) Please remember ____ (give) her this letter.
10) We heard him ___ (say) that he disliked ____ (go) abroad any more.
11) The child enjoyed ___ (play) at the seaside.
12) The little boy was made ___ (take) the medicine.
13) I watched the shop assistant ___ (take) the goods down for the shelf and put them on the counter.
14) He remembers ___ (go) to Shanghai with his parents when he was five.
15) She had her husband ___ (wash) her dirty linen.
16) The thief kept ____ (say) he hadn’t taken the purse.
17) The policeman saw him ___ (steal) the bicycle and ride away on it.
18) I’ve persuaded him ___ (help) us do the job.
19) You had better ____ (go) home now. It looks like rain.
20) Let me___ (know) if you had decided ____ (go).
21) He promised ___ (come) to our party.
22) I forget ____ (see) you there.
23) Don’t forget ___ (see) your grandma this Sunday.
24) I must apologize for not ___ (let) you know earlier.
三、分詞
分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。
作為非謂語形式，分詞可用作形容詞和副詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語、表語、補(bǔ)語和狀語。但它仍保持動詞的一般特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語。分詞和自己的賓語、狀語構(gòu)成分詞短語。
現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài)；它的完成式（having + 過去分詞）表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
現(xiàn)在分詞有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)(being + 過去分詞)。
過去分詞只有一般式，表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。過去分詞（及物動詞）本身可以表示被動的含義，因而沒有別的被動形式。
（一）用法
1．作定語。
作定語的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞________________。
如果被修飾的詞是something，anything，everything，nothing等，則分詞放在這些詞________________。
分詞短語通常放在被修飾的名詞_________________。
This is an interesting book。
China is a developing country.
a broken heart
a risen sun
There is something interesting in the news。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。
1. We lived in the house __________________(我舅舅們修建的).
2. Any medicine ________(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble.
3. We spent two hours discussing the plan ________________ (她制定的).
4. Lessons _____________ (易學(xué)的)are soon forgotten.
** ______________ (易學(xué)的) lessons are soon forgotten.
2、作狀語。分詞和分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、行為方式等意義。表示時間和原因的分詞短語相當(dāng)于對應(yīng)的狀語從句。
時間
When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。
= seeing the teacher entering the room, they stood up.
When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
__________________________, I came across an old friend of mine.
After he had heard the news, he jumped with joy.
_________________________, he jumped with joy.
The metal expands when it is heated.
___________，the Metal expands.
When he was asked why he did not do it, he began to cry.
________________________________, he began to cry.
原因
As I was excited，I couldn’t go to sleep
_____________，I couldn’t go to sleep。
Because he was a student，he was interested in sports.
______________________，he was interested in sports.
Because they were inspired (激勵) by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder
_______________，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder.
方式、伴隨
The children went away。They laughed as they went.
The children went away laughing.
The professor stood there and he was surrounded by many students
The professor stood there，_______________________________
He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.
He sat on the sofa, _____________________
條件
If you work hard, you will succeed.
________________, you will succeed.
If you use your head, you will find a way.
________________, you will find a way.
If water is heated to a certain temperature, it turns into steam.
_________________________________, water turns into steam.
3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
現(xiàn)在分詞
(I) 用在_____________之后作賓補(bǔ)
1. I saw him running along the street.
2. I felt an ant climbing over my leg.
3. Suddenly I noticed her standing outside.
4. I smell something burning.
5. I hear a girl singing in the hall.
(II) 用在 __________________之后做賓補(bǔ)
1. I would have him waiting for me at the gate of the park.
2. Sorry, I kept you waiting a long time.
3. They shut the door and left, leaving the fire burning.
過去分詞
(I) 用在_______________ 之后作賓補(bǔ)。
1. The speaker raised his voice, but he still could not make himself heard.
2. Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s.
3. They are going to have the entrance hall painted white.
(II) 用在 ______________ 之后作賓補(bǔ)。
1. He didn’t notice his wallet stolen.
2. I was washing my clothes when I heard my name called.
(III) 用在 ______________之后作賓補(bǔ)。
1. He did not want such question discussed.
2. I would like my living room painted light blue.
4、作表語。
The result of the test is disappointing.
I feel disappointed in the result of the test.
The story is very interesting
He is interested in the book.
The result is surprising.
I am surprised at what he said.
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征，意為______________，
exciting, moving, amusing, astonishing, frightening, interesting, relaxing, shocking, surprising, terrifying, tiring etc.
過去分詞作表語多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為_________________，
excited, moved, amused, astonished, frightened, interested, relaxed, satisfied, surprised, terrified, tired etc.
過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別
（1）被動結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)___________，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)________________
（2）_________________可以接by + 動作的執(zhí)行者，___________則不行。
The glass is broken.
The glass is broken by Tom.
The bookstore is closed at six.
The bookstore is closed now.
注意：
（1）分詞作狀語時，_____________ 和 ______________ 一致：
__________at the top of the mountain，I saw lots of people there.
__________from the top of the mountain, the city is beautiful.
__________again, I found the book interesting.
__________again, the book was found interesting.
（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等動詞后，
用動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語，通常表示_______________________。
如果用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語，則通常表示____________________。
We sat two hours and watched the teacher __________ the experiment.
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher________ the experiment.
（3）在“have+賓語+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，
現(xiàn)在分詞表示 _____________________
過去分詞表示 _____________________
動詞不定式表示 ___________________
He had the fire ___________ (burn) day and night。
Father had me ___________(swim) the whole summer vacation。
Mary had her dress __________(wash).
Tom had his legs ____________ (break)
I had my watch __________(steal) yesterday。
My mother had me ___________ (wash) my dress.
The teacher had me ______________ (clean) the classroom.
（二）分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
上面已經(jīng)談到，過去分詞可以表示“被動”和“完成”等意義，因此沒有時態(tài)和
語態(tài)方面的形式變化。下面談一下現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having+過去分詞)表示____________________________。
Having written the letter，John went to the post office.
(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.
(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)(being +過去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前時，可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)的完成式(having + been +過去分詞)。
The bridge being built will be completed next month.
Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.
exercises:
1、用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)改寫下列句子:
1）The teacher is taking a walk on the playground. He is our teacher of English.
2）The birds filled the air with music. They were singing in the trees.
3) Here is a novel. It was written b Lu Xun.
4) The language is English. It is spoken in Australia.
5) Do you know the number of students? They are coming to the English Evening.
6) I could hear the boys. They were playing in the field.
7) He was glad to find the fire. It was burning brightly.
8) I watched them. They were dancing.
9) I saw a man. He was banging at your door
10）Tom rushed into the room. He was covered with snow.
11）Mary sat on the ground. She talked with Jane.
12）I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.
13) John put on his raincoat because he saw that it was raining.
14) As he was stepping carelessly off the pavement, he was knocked down by the bus.
15) He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.
16) As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.
17) When I was learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.
18) As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.
19) The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.
20) What is the book? It is being translated.
21) As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him.
22) As she had been there many times, she knew the place quit well.
23) As we had not got a reply from them, we became quite worried.
24) Because they had been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.
25) He was a League member. He ought to take the lead in such activities.
2、 改正下列句子中的錯誤(注意分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子的主語是否一致)。
Example:
Climbing to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.
-----Climbing to the top of the hill, one can see a magnificent view.
-----If one climbs to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.
1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home.
______________ I shall have quiet day at home.
2）Entering the house, the door closed with a bang.
3）Walking through the park, the flowers made a lovely sight.
4）Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.
5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years, no one recognize him.
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳