1.manners 與manner的用法

1）復(fù)數(shù)形式manners意思是“禮貌；禮節(jié)；規(guī)矩；風(fēng)俗”。如：

His good manners were praised by his teachers. 他的彬彬有利受到了老師的稱(chēng)贊。He has no manners at all.他一點(diǎn)也不講禮貌。

2）manner的意思是“方式；方法；舉止；態(tài)度”。如：

He spoke in such a manner as to hurt their feeling. 他講話(huà)的態(tài)度傷害了他們的感情。She has a very easy manner. 她的舉止落落大方。

2. for the first time“第一次”

l)for the first time 是介詞短語(yǔ)，意為“第一次”，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如

On that day the old scientist took us to the physics lab for the first time. 那一天，那位老科學(xué)家第一次帶我們?nèi)ノ锢韺?shí)驗(yàn)室。

2）the first time也可相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，也表示“第一次”。如：

The first time we met, he answered a lot of question. 我們第一次見(jiàn)面時(shí)，他回答了許多問(wèn)題。

3)"This is/was the first ( second, third. . .) time that"句型中，that從句要用完成時(shí)，表示“這是第一（二、三……）次做-…了”。如：

This is the first time that I have been here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。

3.Knowing them will help you make a good impression. 懂得他們有助于你留下一個(gè)好印象。

Knowing them 為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作主語(yǔ)。用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們要注章以下兩點(diǎn)：

1）動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語(yǔ)的不同。

動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示習(xí)慣性，泛指經(jīng)常性、不具體的動(dòng)作。而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示一次，特指未來(lái)、具體的動(dòng)作。如：

Swimming will do good to you.游泳對(duì)你有好處。 Reading builds the mind. 讀書(shū)可以發(fā)展智力。

To remember these words today is our main task. 今天記住這些單詞是我們的主要任務(wù)。

To go to town tomorrow is necessary. 明天進(jìn)城是必要的。

2）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)所使用的句型

在“There is no +主語(yǔ)”和“It's no use ( no good, useless) +主語(yǔ)”中，要用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，而不用不定式。如：There is no stopping him. 無(wú)法阻止他。It' s no use quarrelling about the question. 爭(zhēng)吵這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有用。

4. The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them. 離你的盤(pán)子最近的刀叉比在它們旁邊的刀叉稍大一點(diǎn)。

a little bit在此為程度狀語(yǔ)，修飾比較級(jí) bigger。比較等級(jí)前的修飾語(yǔ)還有：

1）修飾原級(jí)用：fairly, pretty, quite, rather, so, too, very 等。如：The test is fairly easy. 測(cè)驗(yàn)相當(dāng)容易。

2) 對(duì)比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)：a little ( bit ),slightly, any, some“一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，稍微”many, much, a lot, far, by far“…得多”even, still “更（甚）…”如：

I think maths is much less interesting than art.我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有美術(shù)有趣．

3）修飾最高級(jí)用：by far, much, almost, nearly或序數(shù)詞。He is by far the tallest among us. 他在我們這些人中間個(gè)子最高。

注意：by far修飾最高級(jí)時(shí)置于最高級(jí)之前，但是卻要位于比較級(jí)之后（比較級(jí) 前有定冠詞時(shí)則置于比較級(jí)之前），且不與than連用。如：This one is better by far.這個(gè)要好得多。

5.start 和 start with以及 to start with 的區(qū)別。

1)意為“開(kāi)始”，后跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞和不定式.如： He's just started a new job 他剛剛開(kāi)始一項(xiàng)新工作。She started making money for herself.她開(kāi)始為自己賺錢(qián)。When did you started to learn English. 你是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的？

2)start with由意為“以…為開(kāi)始，先從…做起”。如：He advised me to start with something easy. 他建議我從容易的事做起。

The first word of a sentence should start with a capital letter. 句子的第一個(gè)單詞應(yīng)以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)始。

3) to start with 意為“起初、首先、第一”，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，后不跟任何賓語(yǔ)。如：

Our group had five members to start with.我們小組開(kāi)始時(shí)只有五個(gè)人。

To start with, we haven' t enough money, and secondly we' re too busy. 一來(lái)我們的錢(qián)不夠，二來(lái)我們沒(méi)有時(shí)間。

To start with, we had many difficulties, but later on, we had help from the teachers.開(kāi)始，我們困難重重，但后來(lái)我們得到了老師的幫助。

6. for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at any moment, at the moment 的區(qū)別。

1)for a moment “片刻，一會(huì)兒”。如：

He was silent for a moment. 他沉默了一會(huì)兒。Won't you come in for a moment? 你不進(jìn)來(lái)呆會(huì)嗎？

2)for the moment “暫時(shí)，一時(shí)”。如：

I can't recall his name for the moment. 我一時(shí)想不起他的名字。Stop writing for the moment, please. 請(qǐng)暫時(shí)不要寫(xiě)了。

3)in a moment “立刻”、“馬上”、“很快”。如：

Hurry up, the lecture will start in a moment. 快點(diǎn)，報(bào)告馬上就要開(kāi)始了。He will come in a moment.他一會(huì)就到。

4)at any moment “隨時(shí)”、“任何時(shí)候”。如：

You can ask him for help at any moment. 我們隨時(shí)都可以請(qǐng)他幫忙。They are ready to start at any moment. 他們隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備出發(fā)。

5)at the / this moment“目前、此刻”。如：

I can't afford a house at the moment.我目前還買(mǎi)不起一座房子。They are reading at this moment.他們此刻正在讀書(shū)。

7.... but only one bowl of soup and never ask for a second serving…但僅僅一碗湯，千萬(wàn)別要第二碗。

序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞只表示一層意思，即“第幾”。如：This is the fifth English class of this term.這是本學(xué)期第五節(jié)英語(yǔ)課。

而序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞則有兩層意思：除表示“第幾”，還表示“再”、“又”，即在原有基礎(chǔ)上的再增加。如：

You can have a second try if you fail the first time 如果你第一次失敗了，你可以再試一次。

請(qǐng)?jiān)俦容^以下句子：

He cast his net a second time, and draw in an old basket full of sand. He cast it a third time, and draw in a lot of stones. 他又撒了第二網(wǎng)，收回來(lái)的是一個(gè)塞滿(mǎn)沙子的破籃子。他再撒了第三網(wǎng)，收回來(lái)好多石頭。

8. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate...…吃完你盤(pán)子里的所有東西是有禮貌的。

It在句中作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為to finish eating everything on your plate。作主語(yǔ)的不定式較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，常用作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)移到句尾，以保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。這種以it代替不定式作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型有以下四種：

1)It be + adj./n. to do sth.

It is important to read the instruction before you use the machine. 使用這臺(tái)機(jī)器前，看說(shuō)明書(shū)是很重要的。

It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 和他談話(huà)是一件非常高興的事。

2) It be + adj. + for sb. to do sth.

這一句型中的形容詞是表示客觀情況的easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive , dangerous, important, impossible, interesting, necessary, useful等。如：

It' s not hard for one to do a bit of good.一個(gè)人做點(diǎn)好事并不難。It's necessary for you to buy a new car.你必須買(mǎi)一輛新車(chē)。

3) It is + adj. of sb. to do sth.

此句型中的形容詞是表示人的特征、狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的 foolish, silly, stupid, clever, wise, kind, nice, lazy, polite, impolite, careless, honest, brave, proud 等。如：It' s kind of you to help me with my English. 你幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ)真是太好了。

It is unwise of him to go there alone, 他一個(gè)人去那里是不明智。

4) It takes sb. some time to do sth. It costs sb. some money to do sth. 如：

It took her three hours to mend her bike. 她修自行車(chē)花了三個(gè)小時(shí)。It will cost you S 50 to fly to Paris. 飛往巴黎的票價(jià)為50美元。

9. besides, except 的區(qū)別 besides, except 都可作“除……之外”講，但含義不同。

1)besides表示“除……以外，還有”，含義是肯定的。如：

Besides English, I also know French and German.除了英語(yǔ)，我還懂法語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)。

What did you do yesterday besides reading some books? 你昨天除了讀書(shū)還做了什么？

besides 還可以用作副詞，意為“除此之外”，“此外”，“而且”。如：

Those shoes are very expensive, and besides, they're too small.那些鞋子太貴了，此外，還太小了。

It's too late to go to the movie. Besides, it's raining. 現(xiàn)在去看電影太晚了，何況天還在下雨。

2)except表示“從整體中除去一部分”，含義是否定的。如：

The teacher answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題外，老師回答了所有的問(wèn)題。

I had nothing to put on except a dirty coat. 除了一件骯臟的上衣外，我沒(méi)什么可穿了。

10. Foreigners joining a Chinese dinner party should know and follow Chinese table manners.出席中國(guó)宴會(huì)的外賓應(yīng)該懂得并遵守中國(guó)的餐桌禮貌。

joining a Chinese dinner party 為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，它與所修飾的詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句(who joins a Chinese dinner) 如：

Light coming (which comes) from the stars is bent as it passes the sun. 來(lái)自恒星的光經(jīng)過(guò)太陽(yáng)時(shí)是彎曲的。

Who is the boy standing (that is standing) at the gate? 站在門(mén)口的男孩是誰(shuí)？

11. ...before the meal is served在飯端上來(lái)之前

l)serve在此意為“招待；端上；擺出”。如：What may I serve you with?（營(yíng)業(yè)員問(wèn)顧客用語(yǔ)）您要些什么？

Dinner is served. 飯已準(zhǔn)備好了。The restaurant serves nice food.這家飯館供應(yīng)的飯不錯(cuò)。

2)serve還有“為…服務(wù)”之意，注意其后不能加介詞for。由它派生的名詞后面往往加介詞to。

Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China. 古為今用。洋為中用。

We should learn from his spirit of wholehearted service to the people.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)他全心全意為人民服務(wù)的精神。

12.... you were feeling very tired. 你感到非常累。

feel在此意為“感到”，它和look，smell，sound，taste一樣，為表了感覺(jué)的系動(dòng)詞。它們的共同點(diǎn)是：后跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)，以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。又如：What 's wrong with you? You don't look well today. 你怎么啦？你今天看起來(lái)臉色不好。

The room facing to the west feels hot in summer and cold in winter. 面向西的那個(gè)房間夏天感到熱，冬天感到冷。

【語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)評(píng)］

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

一、經(jīng)常使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的場(chǎng)合

1．先行詞為獨(dú)一無(wú)二的物體時(shí)。如：The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.太陽(yáng)從東邊升起，給我們發(fā)出光和熱。

2．先行詞是指物的專(zhuān)有名詞時(shí)。如：

The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese "The Ten = Thousand Li Great Wall" , is actually more than 6,000 kilometers long.

長(zhǎng)城，中國(guó)人稱(chēng)作“萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)城”，實(shí)際上 6，000多公里。

3．先行詞指物且被指示代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞所修飾時(shí)。如：This is her house, which was built last year. 這是她的房子，是去年建的。

4.定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)。如：He is from America, which I know from his accent. 他是美國(guó)人，這一點(diǎn)我從他的口音可以斷定。

二、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇

1．關(guān)系代詞的選擇

1）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用that。指人時(shí)，如引導(dǎo)詞做主語(yǔ)用who、作賓語(yǔ)用whom；指物時(shí)要用which.注意卿使引導(dǎo)詞作賓語(yǔ)也不能省略。如：

Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father's. 張先生昨天來(lái)看我，他是我父親的一位老朋友。（作主語(yǔ)）

Miss Howe, whom you met at the station, is from America. 豪小姐是美國(guó)人，你在車(chē)站見(jiàn)過(guò)她。（作賓語(yǔ)）

The Great Wall of China, which was built by ancient Chinese people, is regarded as one of the few wonders of the world. 長(zhǎng)城是古代中國(guó)人民修建的，它被看作是世界上為數(shù)不多的奇跡之一。

2）as和which的選擇

as和which都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，來(lái)指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位于句末、且as或 which在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，兩者�？苫�換。如：

She failed in the exam, which/ as was natural.他考試沒(méi)及格，這很自然。（作主語(yǔ)）

He is an honest boy, which/ as anybody can see. 任何人都能看得出來(lái)，他是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的孩子。（作賓語(yǔ)）

The man seemed a German, which/ as in fact he was. 那個(gè)人似乎是個(gè)德國(guó)人，實(shí)事上他就是德國(guó)人。（作表語(yǔ)）

但要注意以下區(qū)別：

①如非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位于主句之前或插在主句之中時(shí)，只能用as。如。

As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. 我們已經(jīng)看到，海洋占地球面積的百分之七十多。

This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date. 眾所周知，這種計(jì)算機(jī)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了。

②as在從句中作主語(yǔ)，后面常跟行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式； which在從句中作主語(yǔ)，后常跟行為動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式。如：

She has been late again, as was expected. 她又遲到了，這在預(yù)料之中。

It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park. . 昨天雨下得很大，使我無(wú)法去公園。

Kate always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 凱特總是說(shuō)謊，她父母覺(jué)得這很奇怪。

③當(dāng)從句和主句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)用 as，表“正如”；反之用which。如：

The thief came again, as was expected. 小偷又一次來(lái)了，這是預(yù)料之中的。（語(yǔ)義一致）

The elephant is like a snake, which is not right. 大象像一條蛇，這是不對(duì)的。（語(yǔ)義不一致）

④as用常用在as often happens, as was pointed out, as was said above, as I remember, as I understand等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

Jack has won the first prize, as often happens .像往常一樣，杰克獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。

2．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇

在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇方法和限制性定語(yǔ)從句一樣：引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系副詞。如：

I want to buy the house, which has a garden. . 我想買(mǎi)那個(gè)房子，那個(gè)房子有一個(gè)花園。（作主語(yǔ)）

The place, which I visited before, has changed greatly. 這地方我以前來(lái)過(guò)，現(xiàn)在變化很大。（作賓語(yǔ)）

The story in the book takes place in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born.書(shū)中故事發(fā)生在加大拿，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。（作狀語(yǔ)）

3．關(guān)系副詞和人稱(chēng)代詞、指示代詞的選擇

選關(guān)系代詞還是人稱(chēng)代詞，關(guān)鍵是分清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。如是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句（兩句中間以逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，且無(wú)連詞），用關(guān)系代詞；如是并列句（全句中有連詞、兩句中間為句號(hào)或分號(hào)），用人稱(chēng)代詞或指示代詞。請(qǐng)?jiān)囂睿?/p>

① He has three sons, none of ____ is a doctor. ② He has three sons, ____ are doctors.

③ He has three sons, but none of ____ is a doctor. ④ He has three sons;____ are doctors.

A. whom B. them C. they D. who

題解：①、②兩題中間為逗號(hào)且無(wú)連詞，說(shuō)明后句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句③、④題為并列句。答案：ADBC .