拋磚引玉】
在本單元同學(xué)們將要學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)古跡保護(hù)的知識(shí)，了解聞名于世的柬埔寨古高棉王朝龐大的宮殿遺址吳哥寺（又名吳哥窟）的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，樹立愛護(hù)古跡的戰(zhàn)略思想。也許你曾聽到過(guò)它的美麗傳說(shuō)，見到過(guò)它旖旎風(fēng)光的拍照，看到過(guò)它富有神秘色彩的特寫鏡頭。真是“風(fēng)景這邊獨(dú)好”。春天，萬(wàn)木茂盛，百花盛開；夏天，泉清林翠，風(fēng)景幽奇；秋天，碩果累累，層林盡染；冬天，銀裝素裹，懸冰倒掛。課文中對(duì)吳哥寺的高度評(píng)價(jià)是：“As the sun sinks lower , shadows spread across the courtyard . After sunset , the sky turns pink . The grey stone towers take on a golden colour before turning pink . Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet , beautiful place .” ( 隨著夕陽(yáng)西下，院內(nèi)陰影縱橫。日落后，天空一片紅霞。灰色的石塔抹上一層金黃色，然后變成粉紅色。世界上再?zèng)]有這樣優(yōu)美、恬靜的地方了。) 今天，吳哥寺這座世界文物古跡，正以它獨(dú)特的魅力吸引著世界各地越來(lái)越多的游客。
雖然我們?nèi)巳硕甲叱鰢?guó)門去領(lǐng)略吳哥寺的風(fēng)光不現(xiàn)實(shí)，但是在本單元的閱讀課中，作者用一種趣味盎然的筆調(diào)重現(xiàn)吳哥寺的文明和燦爛，讓我們從一滴水而感知遼闊的大海，從一只貝殼而聆聽渺遠(yuǎn)的風(fēng)聲。下面就讓我們?cè)谡n文中提到的神秘的古跡中作一次精神旅行吧！
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
A. 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語(yǔ)指南
Obligation (職責(zé))
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語(yǔ) 30 句
1. We should finish the task ahead of time . 我們應(yīng)該提前完成這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。
2. I think we should paint the windows green . 我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該把窗戶漆成綠色。
3. Is it necessary to give you a ring immediately ? 有必要立即給你回電話嗎？
4. We must stop people ( from ) walking on this floor until it‘s firm . 在地板牢固以前，我們不能讓人們?cè)诘匕迳献邉?dòng)。
4. I ought to do some studying . 我應(yīng)該學(xué)的東西。
5. You must stay home looking after your mother . 你必須呆在家里照顧你生病的母親。
6. - Must I be present at the meeting at 7 o’clock ? 我必須 7 點(diǎn)到會(huì)嗎 ？
- No , you needn‘t . You may come at around eight . 不，不必要。你可以 8 點(diǎn)左右來(lái)。
7. I have to type this report tonight . 今晚我必須打出這份報(bào)告。
8. - Do I have to return the dictionary before Friday ? 周五前我必須歸還詞典嗎 ？
- No , you don’t have to . 不，沒必要。
9. In my opinion , you should do your homework more carefully in future . 依我之見，你以后要多注意你的作業(yè)。
10. You ought to write to your parents very often . 你應(yīng)該經(jīng)常給父母寫信。
11. Is it necessary to show your passport at the entrance ? 在入口處得出示護(hù)照嗎 ？
12. It‘s necessary that you should come to the office tomorrow morning . 明天上午你得到辦公室去一下。
13. We must keep the balance of nature . 我們應(yīng)該保持生態(tài)平衡。
14. Students should keep the classroom tidy and clean . 學(xué)生應(yīng)該保持教室整潔。
15. It is necessary to fill in the form at the door . 進(jìn)門時(shí)必須填表。
16. Am I expected to repeat the explanation ? 要不要我把解釋再重復(fù)一遍？
17. Am I supposed to pay a visit to our sick neighbour ? 我是不是探望一下有病的鄰居？
18. Are we required to make a plan tonight ? 是不是今晚我們必須制定一個(gè)計(jì)劃？
19. Is there any need for us to get his permission ? 我們是不是需要得到他的許可？
20. I am afraid you will have to walk home on foot . 恐怕你不得不步行回家了。
21. I am afraid you can’t avoid do some washing by yourself . 恐怕你逃避不掉自己洗衣服了。
22. I think it necessary for you to obey the rules . 我看你有必要服從規(guī)章制度。
23. It is for you to decide whether to go or to stay . 是去是留由你決定。
24. There‘s no reason why you should pull down that fence . 沒有理由一定要你拆掉那個(gè)籬笆。
25. It is up to you decide . 由你決定。
26. Please leave it alone . 請(qǐng)別理它 。
27. You had better not pick the flowers . 你最好別摘這些花。
28. I feel it is my duty to give you a hand . 我感到幫助你是我的職責(zé)。
29. No , I mustn’t be late for class once more . 不， 我決不能再遲到。
30. No , I shouldn‘t tell him a lie . I had better not object to his suggestion . 不，我不應(yīng)該對(duì)他說(shuō)謊。我最好不反對(duì)他的建議。
從以上 30 句可以看出，在提示對(duì)方的職責(zé)中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must , should , need , have to , had better , ought to , don’t have to 以及 be supposed to do , be necessary to do 等。
● Model Dialogues 交際示范
A
Monitor：Who is on duty today ?
Yu Fang：I am .
Monitor：Class will begin in a minute . You should clean the blackboard .
Yu Fang：Sorry , I nearly forgot it . I‘ll do it at once .
Monitor：You have to remember this next time .
Yu Fang：Yes , I will .
B
Receptionist：Can I help you ?
Guest：Are there any free beds ?
Receptionist：Sure . What kind of room do you like ?
Guest：A single room with a bath .
Receptionist：OK. But you have to fill in this form first .
Guest：Is it necessary ?
Receptionist：Yes , we should also see your ID (身份證) card .
C
Doctor：Well , Mrs Smith , I’ve completed my examination and I‘m happy to say it’s nothing serious .
Mrs Smith：Don‘t you think I should take an X - ray ?
Doctor：I don’t think an X-ray is necessary for this illness .
Mrs Smith：Will I need a blood transfusion ?
Doctor：No , Mrs Smith , you won‘t need it .
Mrs Smith：Shouldn’t I stay in bed for the rest of the week ?
Doctor：No , you should get outdoors more and get plenty of exercise .
Mrs Smith：Can I be cured ?
Doctor：You should listen to my advice and I‘m certain you’ll be fine .
Mr Smith：What should I do ?
Guest：You should put this medicine on your arms every four hours and by tomorrow it will be all gone . There‘s nothing to worry about .
● 高考試題縮影
1. - Shall I tell John about it ?
- No , you . I’ve told him already . ( NMET 94)
A. needn‘t B. wouldn’t C. mustn‘t D. shouldn’t
2. - We could have walked to the station ; it was so near .
- Yes . A taxi at all necessary . ( MET 92 )
A. wasn‘t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn‘t be D. won’t be
3. There was a lot of fun at yesterday‘s party . You come , but why didn’t you ? (99 上海)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
答案：AAC
B. 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. smooth 作形容詞是“光滑的，平靜的，平坦的”；作及物動(dòng)詞是“使光滑，消除困難、障礙”。
Our path in life will not always be smooth . 我們的生活道路不會(huì)總是一帆風(fēng)順的。
This is a smooth meeting . 這是一次順利的會(huì)議。
The cloth feels smooth . 這布摸起來(lái)很光滑。
The sea is smooth . 海面風(fēng)平浪靜。
The gardener smoothed the soil in a flower bed . 園丁平整了花壇的泥土。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
(1) smooth 的發(fā)音 [ smU:T ] ，比較極是 smoother ，最高級(jí)是 smoothest 。過(guò)去式是smoothed , 發(fā)音為[ smU:Td ] 。用在第三人稱后的發(fā)音是 smooths [ smU:Tz ]。
(2) 該詞的同義詞是 calm ，反義詞是 rough 。常用搭配是 smooth away “克服困難，消除障礙或者分歧”。如：Don‘t be afraid . We are able to smooth away these difficulties sooner or later . 不要擔(dān)心，我們遲早會(huì)克服這些困難的。/ The guide smoothed away / over the quarrel between the two visitors . 向?qū)较⒘四莾晌挥慰烷g的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。
2. spread ( spread , spread ) 延伸，展開，流傳，傳播，蔓延
In two years the city has quickly spread for ten miles to the north . 這兩年里城市很快地向北延伸了 10 英里。
How terrible ! The forest fire spread quickly . 真可怕 ！火勢(shì)很快地蔓延。
The story of these advanced workers spread quickly . 這些先進(jìn)工人的事跡很快就傳開了。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
(1) 特別注意該詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞形式。如：Word spread quickly about the accident .
(2) the spread of … “……的普及；……的傳播；……的蔓延”。這里 spread 是名詞。如：the spread of a disease 一種疾病的蔓延。the spread of education 教育的普及。
3. opposite 作形容詞是“相反的，對(duì)面的，相對(duì)的”。作副詞是“相反地，對(duì)面地”。作名詞是“對(duì)面，相反，對(duì)立物”。注意該詞的發(fā)音：[ ’Cp[zIt ]
It is strange that he should go in the opposite direction . 真奇怪，他朝相反的方向走了。
They sell things on the opposite side of the river . 他們?cè)诤拥膶?duì)面賣東西。
Right and left are opposites . 左和右是相對(duì)的。
Black and white are opposites . = Black is the opposite of white . 黑和白是對(duì)立物。
Hate is the opposite of love . 恨是愛的反義詞。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
(1) 辨析 opposite 與 contrary to
opposite 多指位置、方向、性質(zhì)、結(jié)果的不同。表示處于講話人對(duì)面時(shí)放于其后；表示一組相對(duì)事物中的一個(gè)時(shí)放在其前。如：the girl opposite對(duì)面的姑娘，live on the opposite side of the street 住街的對(duì)面，。contrary 表示與目的、行為、論據(jù)對(duì)立的含義，只用作表語(yǔ)。如：You deeds are contrary to the traffic rules . 你的行為是和交通規(guī)則背道而馳的。
(2) 該次還可以作介詞。如：opposite the school 在學(xué)校的對(duì)面。/ The shop opposite the street belongs to me . 街對(duì)面的商店是我經(jīng)營(yíng)的。作介詞時(shí)其后也可以加 to 。如：He smiles and sat down opposite to her . 他微笑著坐在她的對(duì)面。/ The direction opposite to north is south . 和北相反的方向是南。
C. 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
1. buy some more bricks 買更多的磚
some more + 可數(shù)名詞或者不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“更多的……；再……怎樣”。如：
Will you have some more beancurd ? 你多吃點(diǎn)豆腐好嗎 ？
This time I feel like borrowing some more magazines . 這次我想多借幾本雜志。
2. make the surface smooth 讓表面光滑
It is said that this cream will make your face smoother . 據(jù)說(shuō)這種面霜會(huì)使臉部皮膚更光滑。
3. do some drawings 畫些畫
It is not right for a pupil to do some drawings on the wall . 小學(xué)生在墻上亂畫不對(duì)的。
4. stop sb / sth (from) doing = prevent sb / sth (from )doing 阻止某人干……
注意：當(dāng) from 后是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，from 不要省。如：
No one can prevent / stop this plan from being carried out . 誰(shuí)也不能阻止這個(gè)計(jì)劃的落實(shí)。
We must stop these children (from) playing football in the street . 我們必須阻止孩子們?cè)诖蠼稚咸咦闱颉?/p>
5. put up a notice saying “Keep off”= put up a notice on which is written “Keep off”立一個(gè)上面寫有“勿踩踏”的牌子
注意 keep off 在上下文中的不同意思有：避開，擋住，制止吃喝，不吃不喝……
Do be careful to keep off the dangerous dog . 務(wù)必躲開那條危險(xiǎn)的狗。
After his illness the old man kept off noodles for a week .
The only way to get your weight down is to keep off fat . 減肥的唯一辦法是不要吃肥肉。
Wet paint ! Keep off ! 油漆未干，請(qǐng)勿靠近 ！
6. do some studying 學(xué)點(diǎn)習(xí)
It is useful for you to do some studying in your spare time .
7. masses of 大量的，大批的（修飾可數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞）
Can‘t you see I have masses of things to see to today ? 你沒看到我今天有很多的事要處理嗎？
I have masses of unanswered letters this week . 本周我有一大堆來(lái)信沒有回。
The majority of us are worried about masses of homework on Sunday . 我們大部分都擔(dān)心星期天的許多作業(yè)。
8. watch the news on television 看電視新聞
9. fix up an electric wire 安裝電線
10. ring the building firm 給建筑公司打電話
11. as it is / was 事實(shí)上，既然如此，就目前這樣子看，根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的情況看
As it is , we can hardly get to the station by 6 o’clock . 事實(shí)上，我們 6 點(diǎn)前是很難趕到車站的。
She agreed to buy the house as it is . 她同意照房子原樣買下來(lái)。
I thought things would get better , but as it is they are getting worse and worse . 我原來(lái)以為情況會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)，但現(xiàn)在看來(lái)，情況是越來(lái)越惡化。
Don‘t do anything to make the situation worse ; it’s bad enough as it is . 不要再火上加油了，現(xiàn)在情況就夠糟的了。
12. report on 對(duì)……進(jìn)行報(bào)道
13. one‘s first visit to + 地點(diǎn) “對(duì)……的第一次訪問(wèn)”。
He will never forget his first visit to China .
14. at war 處于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)，處于交戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)
At that time China was at war with Japan . 當(dāng)時(shí)，中國(guó)正與日本交戰(zhàn)。
注意這里介詞 at 后沒有冠詞 the 。類似的表達(dá)還有：at desk 在工作，at table 在用餐，at work在上班，at sea 在海上，at + 名詞
針對(duì)練習(xí)：
1) When he writes , he always keeps a dictionary （在手邊）.
2) My family and I were ____ (吃飯) when somebody knocked at the door .
3) Don’t be nervous . Make yourself ____ (無(wú)拘無(wú)束) .
4) ____ (目前) I‘m very busy . Let’s discuss it sometime next week .
5) His manners are rough , but he is a kind man (在內(nèi)心里) .
6) It‘s ten o’clock (晚上) .
7) He is （求學(xué)）in Paris , so I‘m afraid you can’t see him .
8) They had first met (在航海中) .
9) Wilma can play music (一見) .
10) (有時(shí)) I made mistakes when speaking English .
11) These nations were (在交戰(zhàn)) but now they are (和好) .
12) You may come and go (隨意地) .
13) Are your parents (在上班) ?
14) The baby weighed 8 pounds (在出生時(shí)) .
注意留心下列習(xí)語(yǔ)中的冠詞有無(wú)，其意義不變：
at (the) worst 在最壞的情況下，at (the) least 至少，at (the) latest 最遲 ，at (the)most 最多
答案：1) at hand 2) at table 3) at home 4) At present 5) at heart 6) at night 7) at school 8) at sea 9) at sight 10) At times 11) at war , at peace 12) at will 13) at work 14) at birth
15. When he was in college , his college was at war . 當(dāng)他上大學(xué)時(shí)，他的國(guó)家正處于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)。
16. fall to pieces 倒塌，解體，垮臺(tái)，摔碎，身體垮下來(lái)
That ancient building was falling to pieces . 那座古建筑物正在倒塌。
After the death of Napoleon , his empire began to fall to pieces . 那破侖死后，他的帝國(guó)就開始瓦解了。
These glasses have fallen to pieces . 這些玻璃杯已經(jīng)摔碎。
Your father will fall to pieces if he doesn‘t stop working so hard . 如果你父親再這樣拼命干下去，他的身體回垮的。（這里 fall to pieces = break down）
No wonder the car is falling to pieces . Have you seen how he drives it ? 難怪這輛車垮了。你看到他是怎樣駕駛的 ？
The rainy season lasts for six months and water gets in among the stones . 雨季長(zhǎng)達(dá)六個(gè)月，雨水滲入石縫中。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：注意對(duì)比由動(dòng)詞 fall 構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)：fall asleep 睡著。fall behind 落后。fall down 倒塌。fall flat on one’s face 直挺挺地面朝下跌倒。fall in 掉入。fall in love with sb 愛上某人。fall / get into the / a habit of 養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣。fall off 從……跌落。 fall on one‘s knees = go down on one’s knees 跪下。fall / get sick = fall / get ill 生病。
17. piles of = masses of = supplies of = quantities of = lots of 很多，大量，一堆一堆的。
The study was full of piles of old books . 那個(gè)書房里堆滿了一堆堆的舊書。
Piles of rubbish can be seen in that works . 在那個(gè)工廠可以看到一堆又一堆的垃圾。
18. get in 進(jìn)入，收割，滲入，抵達(dá)，插入，請(qǐng)來(lái)
Can we get in the house by the back door ? 我們可以經(jīng)過(guò)后門進(jìn)入房子嗎？
What time does the train get in ? 火車什么時(shí)間進(jìn)站 ？
The peasants are busy in getting in the crops . 農(nóng)民們正忙于收割莊稼。
We must get somebody in to repair the television . 我們必須請(qǐng)人來(lái)修理電視機(jī)。
Little Jim is always getting in a word when others are talking . 小吉姆總是在別人談話時(shí)插嘴。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：注意理解由 get 構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)間意義上的區(qū)別。get get a word in = get in a word 插嘴。get about/ around / round 各處走動(dòng)。get abroad 消息、謠言等的傳開。get along 過(guò)活，過(guò)日，進(jìn)展。get away 逃脫。get back 回來(lái)，取回，恢復(fù)。get cold = catch a cold 感冒。get down 從……下來(lái)，寫下。get down to 開始認(rèn)真干…… 。 get home 到家。get in / into touch with 與……取得聯(lián)系。get into 進(jìn)入。get into a habit of 養(yǎng)成干……的習(xí)慣。get into trouble 引起麻煩。get off 從……下來(lái)。get on 上車、上馬、上飛機(jī)等。get ready 準(zhǔn)備好。get rid of 擺脫。get through 結(jié)束，完成。get together 聚會(huì)。get up 起床。
19. go down to 下到，延續(xù)到，減少到
The native women go down to the river to wash clothes . 當(dāng)?shù)貗D女到河里去洗衣服。
During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40 kilos . 她生病時(shí)體重由 50 公斤減少到 40 公斤。
注意 go down into 在本課是“根深深扎入”的意思。如：The roots go down into the holes between the stones .
20. devote + time / energy / oneself + to + -ing 把時(shí)間（精力）用于…… 。
He devoted 10 years to doing the research . = He spent 10 years doing the research .
Captain Cook devoted several years to charting the coasts of east America .
Lei Feng devoted all his life to serving the people .
21. lay down 安放，鋪設(shè)，放下武器等。
She laid the sleeping child down on her bed .
They refused to lay down their arms . 他們拒絕放下武器。
Many new railways have been laid down in the past few years . 過(guò)去的幾年里鋪設(shè)了許多鐵路。
22. Lay these boards along , not across . 把這些木板直著放，不要橫著放。
23. in a corner 在角落里
Piles of stones lie in a corner of the courtyard .
We found her crying in the corner of the classroom .
注意：in the corner 是側(cè)重在 180 度以下的角。在講到 180 度以上的角時(shí)介詞可用 at / on / round / around + the corner 。
There is a bookstore on / at the corner . 在街道拐角處有個(gè)書店。
He is standing at a street corner .
24. watch over 看守，照看，監(jiān)視，守衛(wèi)
The work of cleaning the stones is watched over by three Indian chemists . 石頭的清洗工作是由三名印度化學(xué)家監(jiān)督的。
The mother bird is watching over her young . 雌鳥守護(hù)著她的幼雛。
The prisoners were watched over by policemen .
25. fill in 填滿，填寫
In order get a passport , you must fill in the official form . 要申請(qǐng)護(hù)照，你得先填寫正式表格。
26. at midday = at noon 在中午
27. protect against / from 保護(hù)不受……的侵襲或者傷害
We wear dark glasses to protect our eyes against the sun .
You must protect those boys against danger .
An umbrella will protect you against the rain .
28. in battle 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，在戰(zhàn)斗中
Millions of people were killed in battle .
29. in search of 尋找
注意區(qū)別：in one‘s search for
30. carry on 繼續(xù)下去，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行
Please carry on as usual while I am away . 我不在時(shí)，請(qǐng)照常干。
Conversation was carried on in English .
Now let’s carry on with the work .
31. after sunset 日落后。
32. take on 呈現(xiàn)出新的面貌
After the thorough cleaning , our school took on a new look . 大掃除之后，我校呈現(xiàn)出了新的面貌。
Since 1978 , China has taken on a new look .
Under the vivid pen of the writer , these dry facts of history have taken on flesh and blood . 在這位作家生花妙筆之下，這些枯燥乏味的歷史事實(shí)被寫得有血有肉的。
The new leaders are making every effort to improve business management , and the factory is beginning to take on a new look . 新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)努力改善經(jīng)營(yíng)管理，工廠開始呈現(xiàn)新的面貌。
After the students put up a Christmas tree in the centre , the classroom took on a holiday appearance . 同學(xué)們?cè)诮淌抑醒敕帕艘恢晔フQ樹，教室里呈現(xiàn)出一派節(jié)日景象。
33. fall into ruins 坍塌成廢墟
Many of the stone figures had been stolen and others were falling into pieces . 許多石像被盜竊，另外一些石像崩裂倒塌。
34. be astonished by 被……弄得大為吃驚
be astonished to do 干……很吃驚
be astonished that 對(duì)……大為吃驚
35. cover an area of = take up an area of = occupy an area of = have an area of 占地面積……
This school covers an area of 500 square miles .
China has an area of about 9,600,000 square kilometres .
36. over a period of + 時(shí)間“歷經(jīng)……時(shí)間”
37. up until / to 直到，到……為止
The French , after discovering the ruined temple , did a lot of repair work up until 1970. 在發(fā)現(xiàn)這座滿目瘡痍的寺廟后，法國(guó)人做了大量的修復(fù)工作，直到1970年為止。
They had been built over a period of six centuries up till 1431 . 它們是1431年以前經(jīng)過(guò)六個(gè)世紀(jì)才建成的。
38. do a lot of repair work 做大量的維修
39. in a poor state 處于破爛不堪的狀態(tài)。
注意該詞組的不同搭配：in a solid state 以固體狀態(tài)。in a bad state of health 身體狀態(tài)不佳。in a good state 狀態(tài)良好。
40. have experience in 在……有經(jīng)驗(yàn)
He has a lot of experience in repairing TV sets . 他有大量的修理電視機(jī)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
She has much experience in teaching English .
注意：experience 作經(jīng)驗(yàn)是不可數(shù)名詞，作經(jīng)歷是可數(shù)名詞。
We had several terrible experiences on our trip . 我們?cè)诼猛局杏龅搅藥准膳碌氖隆?/p>
41. hand tools out to workers 把工具分發(fā)給工人
42. carry out repairs to + 名詞 “對(duì)……實(shí)施維修”
43. once in a while 偶爾，有時(shí)
I don‘t drink wine as a rule , but I don’t mind a glass once in a while . 我一般是不飲酒的，但是我也不反對(duì)偶爾喝一杯。
44. have a shower 洗淋浴
45. depend on / upon sb to do 依靠某人干……
46. have a midday break 中午休息一下
47. give a tip to sb = give sb a tip 給某人小費(fèi)
You had better give tips to waiters .
48. go/ make / take + on a tour of + 地點(diǎn) “對(duì)……進(jìn)行參觀；到……旅游”
We are going to make a tour of New Zealand next summer .
49. spread across 傳遍
The disease spread quickly across the village .
50. obey the rules for sb 服從對(duì)……的規(guī)定
D. 單元語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
● 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（The Present Indefinite Tense）的測(cè)試 5 要點(diǎn)：
1、表示不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在、科學(xué)真理、格言等。
Water boils at 100 ℃ .
Twice two is four .
The earth goes around the sun .
Pride goes before a fall . 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
One today is worth two tomorrows . 一個(gè)今天勝過(guò)兩個(gè)明天。
Practice makes perfect . 熟能生巧。
Japan lies to the east of China .
Shanghai stands on the Huangpu River .
England and France are separated by the English Channel .
2、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常地或者習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，常與頻度狀語(yǔ) usually , often , sometimes , every morning , always , regularly 以及 at present , these days , nowadays , at the moment 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
Mum doesn‘t drive as well as Dad . She stops too suddenly and turns quickly .
Peter used to work in Geneva , but at present he works in London .
The Hunts usually live in Scotland , but at the moment they live in the south .
Being middle school students , you do homework every day .
3、在口語(yǔ)中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)往往可和一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，表達(dá)一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這種動(dòng)詞是：go , come , fall , arrive , start , begin , meet , stay , take , place , happen 等。
When do you start , Mr Green ?
This train leaves at 10:00 .
Miss Black comes next week .
- When do they leave for the countryside ?
- They start next Saturday .
A：Is there any meeting today ?
B：Yes . It begins at 2:30 in the afternoon .
4、在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
Please let me know when he comes back .
I will go to see him if it is fine tomorrow .
If he doesn’t like it , nor / neither will I.
5、在某些以 here , there 開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
Here comes the bus ! 汽車來(lái)了！
There goes the bell ! 鈴響了！
● 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Present Continuous Tense）的 7 個(gè)測(cè)試要點(diǎn)
1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正發(fā)生的或者正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now , at the moment 等連用。
It is raining hard now . Don‘t hurry .
I am writing a letter . Will you please turn down the radio ?
Watch out (當(dāng)心) ! It’s falling .
Look ! The clouds are gathering .
Look at this picture of a busy railway station . A train is standing at one of the platforms ready to leave . Some of thepassengers are looking out of the windows watching the late-comers who are hurrying along looking for empty seats .
We are busy at the moment . I‘m selling cigarettes . My father is selling some sweets .
2、表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。可和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now , these days 等連用。
She is studying law while her brother is studying medicine .
Is my daughter working hard in the factory , Manager Wang ?
How are you getting along / on with your studies ?
I usually get up at eight , but I’m getting up at six every day this week .
3、表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
We are going to Rome next week .
Mr Black is leaving for Shanghai in a few days .
Are you doing anything special tonight ?
4、用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表達(dá)將來(lái)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
I‘ll telephone you this afternoon while I’m waiting .
I‘ll think about it while you are writing the report .
When you are talking with him , take care not to mention this .
If you are standing at the corner when I pass , I’ll give you a lift into town .
5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和動(dòng)詞 hope , wonder 連用表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的口氣。
I am hoping you‘ll give me some advice .
I’m wondering if I may have a word with you .
We are wondering if you have any suggestion .
6、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與 always , continually , constantly 等副詞連用表示反復(fù)或者習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，含有說(shuō)話人的某種感情色彩，如贊揚(yáng)、遺憾、討厭、不滿等。
He is always asking such easy questions .
He is constantly leaving his books about .
7、少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如jump , hit , kick , knock , drop 等瞬間動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)比動(dòng)作的重復(fù)或者即將發(fā)生。
He is knocking at the door .
The girls are jumping .
● 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的 6 個(gè)區(qū)別點(diǎn)
區(qū)別點(diǎn)一：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)現(xiàn)在或者現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He studies hard .
He is studying hard this term .
My watch works perfectly . (經(jīng)常性)
My watch is working perfectly . (短暫性)
He lives in Beijing .
He is living in Beijing .
區(qū)別點(diǎn)二：用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往帶有感情色彩，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)只是說(shuō)明事實(shí)。
John does fine work at school . （說(shuō)明事實(shí)）
John is doing fine at school . （表?yè)P(yáng)）
Now I live in a very pleasant flat . （事實(shí)）
Now I am living in a very pleasant flat . （滿意）
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)感情色彩時(shí)常和always , forever , constantly 等連用。
He is always thinking of how he could do more for the poor .
She is always changing her clothes .
區(qū)別點(diǎn)三：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示眼前看得見的動(dòng)作。
Boats pass under the bridge .
The boat is passing under the bridge .
區(qū)別點(diǎn)四：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用來(lái)表示永久的情況或者完成的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的暫時(shí)或臨時(shí)性動(dòng)作。
My parents lives in Canada .
I‘m staying with one of my classmates .
區(qū)別點(diǎn)五：表示知覺、感覺、看法、感情、愿望的動(dòng)詞常不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：see , hear , smell , notice , taste , know , think , like , want , wish , have , fit , belong to 。
The necklace belongs to Jenny .
I hear you want to do business abroad .
區(qū)別點(diǎn)六：表示問(wèn)候性的親切感多用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
How are you feeling today , Xiao Ming ? I hope you will be well soon .
How are they getting along with their work ?
● 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（The Present Perfect Tense）的 6 個(gè)測(cè)試要點(diǎn)
1、不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示說(shuō)話之前動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，而后果和影響至今存在。
He has gone to Europe . You can’t see him .
Has he had his supper ?
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
He has been to Beijing .他去過(guò)北京。
2、帶狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還要持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)。
She has been ill for two weeks .
I haven‘t seenhim for many months .
She has learnt a lot since she cameto No. 16 Middle School .
3、在用 already , yet , before , just , ever , lately , recently 這類副詞或者頻度副詞 often , sometimes , rarely , never , once , twice , three times 做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
Have you ever listened to foreign music ?
This is the second game . They’ve already won a game .
He as well as I has seen the film before .
We went to have a haircut once a month .
4、特別注意由 since , for 引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的連用。since 后必須是確定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，而不能是一段時(shí)間。
I‘ve known him since we were children .
They haven’t visited us since 1998.
由 for 引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，介詞 for 常被省去。
I‘ve studied English (for)a long time .
For months he hasn’t gone to the movies .
5、含下列狀語(yǔ)的句子常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用：ever since , in the past two weeks , in the last few years , until now , till now , up to now , up to the present , so far , for the last few months , over the last few weeks . during the last few centuries 。
Up to now , everything has been successful .
In the last 50 years China has made great advances in socialist revolution and socialist construction .
6、注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。如：marry , die , leave , start , join , end 等。但可以借助這些動(dòng)詞的形容詞或狀態(tài)詞與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
He has been married to Joan for a year . = He married Joan a year ago .
She has been a Party member for two weeks . = She joined the Party two weeks ago .= It is two weeks since she became a Party member .
● 一般過(guò)去時(shí)（The Past Indefinite Tense）的 4 個(gè)測(cè)試要點(diǎn)
1、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或者某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)。
Last night we went to enjoy a good performance .
I usually sleep indoors , but I slept outdoors last summer .
- How long have you been here ?
- Only about five minutes . Jane and Simon walked here with me .
I can‘t find the dictionary . Someone put it on the top of the bookshelf .
2、表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。通常同時(shí)間或者頻度狀語(yǔ)連用。
He smoked a lot five years ago .
We went to school together when we were boys and so we saw each other every day .
The doctor came once a week and examined all who were ill .
3、used to do 和 would 常表達(dá)過(guò)去常干……。used to 含有強(qiáng)烈的今昔對(duì)比，可以和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。而would 不能與狀態(tài)詞連用，句中常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的暗示。
Tom used to eat out every day , but now he can’t afford it .
When he was old , he would rise early and take a walk before breakfast .
We used to be good friends . (不能用 would)
There used to stand a tower at the foot of the hill . (不用 would)
4、在句型 “It is time that …；It is about time that … ；It is high time that … ”后的從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。在 would rather , would sooner , had rather , had sooner 后的從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
It is high time that we went to school .
I had rather you came next week .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
Unit 7 句型與難點(diǎn)釋疑
Lesson 25
1. I don‘t think these will be enough . 我認(rèn)為這些還不夠。
〖釋疑〗注意陳述句以第一人稱主語(yǔ) I / we + don’t think (expect , believe , guess , imagine , suppose) + that 從句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句與從句相一致 ， 用肯定式，因否定已前移。否則，主句是由其他人稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍與主句相一致。例如：
I don‘t think these will be enough , won’t they ?
We don‘t believe that she has her breakfast , does she ?
對(duì)比：we don’t believe that she has had her breakfast , has she ?
He doesn‘t suppose you are a great success , does he ?
2. What can we do to make it look less ugly ? 我們能想個(gè)什么辦法使它不那么難看呢 ？
〖釋疑〗注意使用 make sb do , make oneself done , be made to do , make sth to do
They made us work all day and all night against the flood water . = We were made to work all … .
She raised her voice to make herself heard by all of the them .
He made a box to put his shoes in .
3. As long as that ? 要那么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間嗎 ？= Will it take as long as that ?
〖釋疑〗as long as 長(zhǎng)達(dá)……之久。
It took as long as eight years to repair the old temple .
It took them as long as three years to find out the cause of the plane crash .
It took this tennis player as long as four hours to win the championship .
另外注意 as long as = so long as = if “只要”引起條件狀語(yǔ)從句，句中用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。
You can smoke as long as you are not afraid of breaking the rules .
Lesson 26
1. Piles of stones lie in a corner of the courtyard , waiting to be replaced . 院子的角落里放著一堆一堆的石頭，準(zhǔn)備作更換之用。
〖釋疑〗句中的 waiting to be replaced 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。這時(shí)可以變?yōu)椴⒘兄^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子或者非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如上面的分詞短語(yǔ)可換為：
Piles of stones are in a corner of the courtyard , and are waiting to be replaced .
Piles of stones are in a corner of the courtyard , which were waiting to be replaced .
Many people stood along the river bank watching the boat race . = Many people stood along the river bank and watched the boat race .
2. As the sun sinks lower , shadows spread across the courtyard . 隨著夕陽(yáng)西下，院內(nèi)的陰影擴(kuò)展開來(lái)。
〖釋疑〗as 作連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句含有“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候；一邊……一邊”。 when常含有“突然……”。while 常含有“對(duì)比”。
As one grows older , one becomes more experienced .
We were walking along the street when we heard “Help ! Help !”.
He was doing some reading while I was doing some washing .
3. To make things worse , many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay , leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work . 更糟糕的是，很多男子去城里謀求較高工資的工作，因此，只有讓附近村莊里的婦女來(lái)從事這一修復(fù)工作。
〖釋疑〗to make things worse “使情況更糟糕的是”。
leaving women … 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
注意 leave 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + to do 讓某人去干……。
Oh , you can leave me to deal with the matter .
2）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞作賓補(bǔ)
His illness has left him very weak .
3）leave + 名詞/代詞 + 過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)
How careless you are to leave your room unlocked .
4）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)
His words left us talking all the day .
5）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)
This left her without a ray of hope .
6）leave + 名詞 / 代詞 + 從句
Leave it where it is .
Leave everything as it is .
Leave the animals as they are .
4. Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet , beautiful place . 世界上再?zèng)]有這樣優(yōu)美、恬靜的的放了。
〖釋疑〗此句是倒裝句。正常語(yǔ)序是：There is nowhere else in the world as quiet and beautiful as this place . 如果 nowhere 不放在句首，句子就不倒裝。
當(dāng)含有否定意義的副詞或者連詞放在句首時(shí)句子用倒裝。這類詞有：hardly , never , not , neither , not only … but also , little , nowhere , not a single , scarcely , barely , at no time , not once , in no time 立即,in no way 決不，by no means 決不， 等。
Never in my life have I seen such a stone .
Not a single mistake did he make this time .
Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here .
By no means should we do like that .
Not only was everything he had taken away from him , but also his German citizen .
Nowhere is there a place for him to settle down .
Nowhere can you enjoy such beautiful music .
Ltttle did he know what trouble he was going to have .
Not until quite recently did I hear from her .
Very little did they sleep last night .
對(duì)比：Her watch is nowhere to be found . = Nowhere is her watch to be found .
注意對(duì)比由 not only … but also 連接兩個(gè)并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子不倒裝。
Not only girls but also boys wear such red skirts as that .
Lesson 27
1. Thousands of stone blocks were moved and new roof sections were replaced where necessary . 移動(dòng)了成千上萬(wàn)的石塊，必要的地方還換上了新的屋頂。
〖釋疑〗where necessary = where it is necessary to replace them .
本句是省略句。常見的省略有：
一、主語(yǔ)中的省略
1. 主句中的省略多見于句首，且多用于非正式文體。如：
(It is) Too bad you can’t go camping with us next week .
(Is there) Anything more you want to say ?
2. 回答時(shí)，主句有時(shí)全省去。如：
- When shall we start ? - (You may start) Whenever you like .
- Why is he angry with her ? - (He‘s angry with her) Because she lost his keys to the office .
二、從句中的省略。
1. 賓語(yǔ)從句。
以 which , when , where , how , why 等引出的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)與主句相同時(shí)，可省略謂語(yǔ)乃至主語(yǔ)而只保留引導(dǎo)詞。如：
Please hand me any one of these books ; I don’t care which (you hand me) .
He‘ll return to his hometown , but we don’t know when (he‘ll return ) .
She can’t attend this meeting , but we wonder why (she can‘t attend) .
2. 在 I’m afraid , I believe , I hope , I imagine , I should say , I suppose , I think 等之后的“not”與 “so”分別等于否定與肯定的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
Will it snow tonight ? - I hope not . (= I hope that it won‘t snow tonight . )
Is he disappointed ? - I’m afraid so . (= I am afraid that he is disappointed . )
3. 定語(yǔ)從句可以省略作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞；在非正式文體往往省略關(guān)系副詞 when 和where ; 關(guān)系代詞 as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)也往往被省略。如：
I‘ll never forget the days (which) we spent together in the village .
I’ll never forget the day (when) we first met .
He gave the same reason as (he had given) before .
4 . 狀語(yǔ)從句。
(1) 在時(shí)間、讓步、方式、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句主語(yǔ)是 it 或與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，則從句中的主語(yǔ)和 be 動(dòng)詞通常省略。如：
My sister started to learn dance when (she was) a child .
Although (he was) the youngest in his class , he won the first prize .
His suggestion , whether (it is) right or wrong , would be considered .
I‘ll attend this lecture , if (it is) possible .
(2) 由 than , as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，在不影響句子要表達(dá)的完整意義的條件下，從句中的成分可省略。如：I know you better than (I know) him .
【妙文賞析】
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從 1- 20 各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。
James sat outside the office waiting for the interview . He felt so (1) that he didn’t know what to do with (2) . The person who had gone in (3) him had been in there for nearly an hour . And she looked so confident(自信的) when she went in . (4) James . He felt (5) that she had already got the (6) . The problem was that he wanted this job (7) . It meant (8) to him . He had (9) it such a lot before the day of the interview . He had imagined himself (10) briliantly at the interview and (11) the job immediately . But now here he was feeling (12) . He couldn‘t (13) all those things he had (14) to say . At that moment , he almost decided to get up and (15) . But no - he had to do this . He had spent so much time considering it that he couldn’t (16) like that . His hands were hot and sticky and his mouth felt dry . At last the door of the office opened . The woman who had gone in an hour earlier came out looking very (17) with herself . She smiled sympathetically(同情地) at James . At that moment James (18) her . The managing director then appeared at the office door . ‘Would you like to come in now , Mr Davis ? I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting . ’James suddenly (19) that he had gone home after all . He got up ,legs (20) and forehead sweating and wondered whether he looked as terrified as he felt .
1 . A . healthy B . nervous C . careless D . confident
2 . A . the managing director B . the woman C . himself D . the situation
3 . A . by B . with C . before D . after
4 . A . Not like B . So did C . Do as D . Do like
5 . A . doubtful B . sure C . angry D . astonishing
6 . A . reward B . first C . prize D . job
7 . A . hopelessly B . naturally C . easily D . so much
8 . A . everything B . happiness C . difficulty D . nothing
9 . A . dreamed of B . learned of C . thought about D . talked about
10 . A . explaining B . performing C . answering D . writing
11 . A . offered B . asked for C . being offered D . being asked for
12 . A . crazy B . excited C . probable D . terrible
13 . A . depend on B . afford C . believe in D . remember
14 . A . kept B . been taught C . planned D . been supplied
15 . A . leave B . go in C . prepare D . practise
16 . A . take back B . put off C . give up D . put down
17 . A . ugly B . pleased C . sad D . pretty
18 . A . noticed B . loved C . missed D . hated
19 . A . thought B . hoped C . wished D . regretted
20 . A . shaking B . bending C . walking D . stopping
〖賞析〗從上下文透射出文章中的兩個(gè)形成鮮明對(duì)比的人物，一個(gè)是洋洋得意的女求職者，她傲慢的形象令人作嘔。另一個(gè)是令人同情的 Mr Davis ，他很需要這份工作，但自己信心不足，位能表現(xiàn)出比勝的信心。1、選B。從下文那位女子在里面已有近一個(gè)小時(shí)可想 Mr David 在門外焦急等待的心情。2、選C。越是焦急，越是控制不住自己的形象。do with himself 在這里可理解為 “控制自己”。3、選C。從下文等待知已有人在他前面應(yīng)試。4、選A。從該女子lookes so confident “顯得如此自信”可以說(shuō)她不像Mr Davis 那樣。5、選B。feel sure that “感到一定能”為固定詞組。6、選D。來(lái)這里是為了謀到一份工作。7、選D。從下文He had thought about it such a lot before the day of the interview 可以推出他十分需要這分工作。8、選A。既然對(duì)這次應(yīng)聘左思右想，自然意義重大。9、選C。從下文的該說(shuō)什么，該怎么表現(xiàn)出非凡的形象可推知應(yīng)提前反復(fù)考慮。10、選B。要想應(yīng)聘成功，必須給人以稱職的印象，這就需要應(yīng)試這表現(xiàn)出非凡的言談舉止和素養(yǎng)。故用perform有表現(xiàn)之意。11、選C。應(yīng)試成功就被別人給一份工作，imagine 要求后跟動(dòng)名詞，故應(yīng)被給一份工作，這里用了動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。12、選D。從那位女子的情況導(dǎo)致他失去應(yīng)試的決定。這自然是讓人不寒而栗的。13、選D。在關(guān)鍵時(shí)候人一緊張會(huì)產(chǎn)生手忙腳亂，丟三忘四的情況。14、選C。原計(jì)劃的所作所為成為泡影，plan to 計(jì)劃干……。15、選A。從get up 可看出他準(zhǔn)備放棄應(yīng)試，一走了之。16、選C。可又一想，自己為此不知花了多少時(shí)間，這樣輕而易舉的放棄不是太可惜嗎？成功與否，不試哪能知曉？17、選B。那女子自以為勝券在握，但下文讓Mr Davis 進(jìn)去說(shuō)明鹿死誰(shuí)手，難以定論。18、選D。看著那樣一個(gè)女子是自己的對(duì)手，他當(dāng)然是懷恨在心。19、選C。他的心情真是十分混亂，狠不得自己早已溜走。20、選A。緊張時(shí)人口干、腿軟、額頭冒汗，這是常識(shí)。
【思維體操】
人體名詞的別致魅力
在英語(yǔ)里，表示人體各部分的名詞，如眼、耳、口、鼻、心、手、腳等常用在習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中，生動(dòng)形象，栩栩如生，具有強(qiáng)烈的修辭效果。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們仔細(xì)閱讀下文，體會(huì)人體名詞的具體意義。
一、人體名詞賦有抽象意義，具有轉(zhuǎn)喻性。
It was surprising that there were so many hungry mouths .
令人不可思議的是，竟有如此多的難民。
Premier Zhu completed the first leg of a five－nation tour .
朱總理完成了訪問(wèn)五國(guó)旅途中的第一段行程。
Her niece has a sharp tongue . 她侄女說(shuō)話尖刻。
Will you keep an eye on my suitcase ?
請(qǐng)照看一下我的手提箱好嗎 ?
She has an ear for music. 她有欣賞音樂(lè)的能力。
Journalists usually have a nose for news .
記者常善于打聽消息。
He has a head for figures . 他善于計(jì)算。
They live in the heart of the city . 他們住在市中心。
Little Tom has a tooth for candy. 小湯姆愛吃糖。
He is four feet six inches . 他身高四尺六寸。
二、人體名詞具有擬人的修辭效果。
The wheat is heading up nicely . 小麥長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好。
His name heads the list . 他是名單上的第一名。
The docks fingers out into the water. 碼頭伸向水面。
She always eyes him narrowly . 她總是端詳著他的一舉一動(dòng)。
A soldier handed her out of a car . 一位戰(zhàn)士扶她下了車。
Arm our minds with DengXiaoping’s Theory .
用鄧小平的理論武裝我們的頭腦。
三、在一些諺語(yǔ)或警句中，人體名詞具有對(duì)應(yīng)修辭格的特點(diǎn)。
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush .
雙鳥在林不如一鳥在手。(多得不如現(xiàn)得。)
Two heads are better than one. 兩人智慧勝一人。
Many hands make light work. 人多事易做。
Out of sight，out of mind. 離久則情疏。（眼不見心不煩。）
四、人體名詞代替人，有提喻作用。如：
We‘re short of hands at present. 目前我們?nèi)狈趧?dòng)力。
The plane was lost with 100 souls. 那架飛機(jī)失事，有100人喪生。
Grey hairs are respected in China. 在中國(guó)，老年人受到尊敬。
Do pay attention to those hungry mouths.
務(wù)必關(guān)注那些饑餓的人們。
Dear heart，look at your face! 寶貝，看看你自己的臉吧!
五、人體名詞表委婉修辭
The old man closed his eyes. 那位老人已去逝了。
She is off her head for ages. 她已精神失常好久了。
The man in black is a light－fingered gentleman.
穿黑衣服的是個(gè)小偷。
She is still with one foot in the grave. 她已危在旦夕。
The news made us open our eyes. 那消息使我們瞠目吃驚。
He is on his last legs. 他已奄奄一息。
六、人體部位詞可以作句子的狀語(yǔ)
In those days they fought shoulder to shoulder bravely.
那時(shí)他們英勇無(wú)畏地并肩戰(zhàn)斗。
Strangely，they were standing face to face.
奇怪的是，他們當(dāng)時(shí)面對(duì)面站著。
Both of them lay there back to back. 他們倆背對(duì)背而臥。
七、人體部位詞后加－ed可構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞，形象而逼真。
a warm－h(huán)earted man 熱心腸的人
a fair－h(huán)aired girl 一個(gè)長(zhǎng)著金色頭發(fā)的姑娘
a round－faced boy 一個(gè)圓臉男孩
a blue－eyed woman 一個(gè)藍(lán)眼睛的婦女
a three－legged table 一張三條腿的飯桌
a one－eyed general 一個(gè)獨(dú)眼將軍
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
一、高中英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè) Units 1-6 詞語(yǔ)辨析
Unit 1
1 . believe / believe in
believe 意為“相信，認(rèn)為”，其后跟名詞，也可跟從句或帶不定式的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) ( 動(dòng)詞多為 be，它還可以用在否定的“簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)”中，not 位于動(dòng)詞之后 ) 。例如：
I just could not believe my eyes . 我簡(jiǎn)直不能相信我的眼睛。
I believe that he was dead . 我認(rèn)為他那時(shí)已經(jīng)死了。
He believed the earth to be a globe . 他相信大地是一個(gè)球體。
- Will they be ready tomorrow ? 他們明天能準(zhǔn)備好嗎 ?
- I believe not . 我看不行。
believe in 意為“信奉，信仰”，后面常接表示真理或宗教一類的名詞，也作“信任，信賴”解。例如：
My grandpa believes in Buddhism . 我爺爺信奉佛教。
We don’t believe in ghosts . 我們不信鬼神。
We must work , and above all we must believe in ourselves . 我們必須注意：believe in sb 與 believe sb 有不同的含義。試比較：
I believe him . ( = I believe what he says . )我相信他的話。
I believe in him . ( = I think he is a good comrade . )我信任他。
2 . disappointed / disappointing
兩者都是形容詞，與系動(dòng)詞 be 連用能構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，be disappointed 意為“對(duì)……感到失望”，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為“某人”時(shí)，其后跟介詞 with；當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為“某事物”時(shí)，其后跟介詞 with , at 或 about；當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞-ing 形式或 what 從句時(shí)，其后多用介詞 about 或 at。例如：
I‘m disappointed with you . 我對(duì)你感到失望。
Are you very disappointed about / at losing the race ? 你比賽輸了感到失望嗎 ?
注意：disappointed 是表示感情的詞，因此，主語(yǔ)多為表示人的名詞。而 disappointing 意為“……令人感到失望”，主語(yǔ)多為表示某物或某種情況的詞。例如：
The talk is disappointing . 這個(gè)報(bào)告令人失望。
It is very disappointing to heart that you are going to leave us soon . 聽說(shuō)你快要離開我們了，我們很失望。
disappointed 和 disappointing 也可以用作定語(yǔ)。如：a disappointed person 失望的人；disappointing news 令人失望的消息
3 . deep / deeply
兩者都可以用作副詞，這兩個(gè)詞不僅音形相似，而且都意為“深深地”。deep 多用于描寫狀態(tài)，常與介詞 into 搭配。例如：
Radium , because of its powerful radioactive rays , can go deep into the human body . 鐳具有很強(qiáng)的射線，能深入到人的肌體。
Father often works keep into the night . 父親常常工作到深夜。
在某些短語(yǔ)中，常用副詞 deep。如：drink deep 痛飲；be buried deep 深埋deeply 常和表示感情的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或過(guò)去分詞連用，相當(dāng)于 very much。例如：
Marie was deeply shocked by Pierre’s death . 皮埃爾的逝世使瑪麗極為震驚。
Since then the boy has been deeply interested in physics . 從那時(shí)起，這孩子對(duì)物理學(xué)發(fā)生了極濃厚的興趣。
修飾表示具體的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用 deep，有時(shí)也可用 deeply。例如：
I know she would sleep deeply(或 deep)for about twelve hours . 我知道她會(huì)沉睡十個(gè)小時(shí)。
deep 還可以用作形容詞和名詞，deeply 則不能。例如：
This well is 30 metres deep . 這口井有30公尺深。
the deep of winter 隆冬
4 . cure / treat
cure 意為“治療”，“治愈”，強(qiáng)調(diào)治好疾病的結(jié)果，使病人恢復(fù)健康，有時(shí)可指突然的、戲劇性的痊愈，它后面可以跟指疾病或指人的賓語(yǔ)，也可以在指人的賓語(yǔ)后面用 of 再加指疾病的賓語(yǔ)。例如：
Radium is still used today for curing cancer . 今天鐳仍被用來(lái)治癌。
The doctor cured him of his stomach . 醫(yī)生治好了他的胃痛病。
cure 還可解作“矯正”、“糾正”，借喻指消除社會(huì)某種不良現(xiàn)象或個(gè)人惡習(xí)等。例如：
The parents tried to cure the child of his bad habits . 父母親盡力糾正這個(gè)孩子的不良習(xí)慣。
treat 意為“醫(yī)治”，“治療”，強(qiáng)調(diào)治療的動(dòng)作或醫(yī)治的過(guò)程，不涉及治療的結(jié)果。例如：
The doctors are trying their best to treat her with a new drug . 醫(yī)生們?cè)噲D用一種新藥為她治病。
Which doctor is treating you for this trouble ? 哪位醫(yī)生在給你治病 ? treat 還可解作“對(duì)待；看待”。例如：
The villagers treat the old people kindly . 村民們待老人很好。
Unit 2
1 . in charge of / in the charge of
兩者在句中常用作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，in charge of 是“某人負(fù)責(zé)或管理什么”，含主動(dòng)意思。例如：
Cook was to be in charge of this expedition as captain of the ship Endeavour . 庫(kù)克將作為“奮進(jìn)”號(hào)輪船的船長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)這次遠(yuǎn)航。
Who‘s in charge of the booking office ? 售票處是哪一位負(fù)責(zé) ?
in the charge of 是指“某人或某物由別人管理或照顧”，含被動(dòng)意思。例如：
The hospital is in the charge of Dr Green . 這醫(yī)院由格林醫(yī)生負(fù)責(zé)。
I have placed the papers in the charge of my bank manager . 我把文件交給我的銀行經(jīng)理保管。
2 . remember to do / remember doing
remember to do 表示“記住要去做(某事)”，to do 發(fā)生在 remember 之后。例如：
Please remember to lock the door . 請(qǐng)別忘了鎖門。
You must remember to write to us when you get there . 你到達(dá)那里時(shí)，記住給我們寫信。
remember doing 表示“記得曾做了(某事)”，doing 發(fā)生在 remember 之前。例如：
I remember seeing you somewhere in Beijing . 我記得在北京什么地方見到過(guò)你。
He remembered putting the key in the box under his bed . 他記得把鑰匙放在床底下的箱子里了。
動(dòng)詞-ing 的一般式 doing 也可換用完成式 having done。例如：
I remember having asked her to write to us . 我記得曾經(jīng)要她給我們寫信。
注意：remember doing = remember to have done。如：I remember meeting him a year ago . ( = I remember to have met him a year ago . )我記得一年前見過(guò)他。
Unit 3
1 . elder / older
elder 和 older 均為形容詞 old 的比較級(jí)形式，但用法不同。elder 只用于人，多指兄弟姐妹之間年齡長(zhǎng)幼中的“長(zhǎng)”，只用作定語(yǔ)，不用作表語(yǔ)，不能同 than 連用。例如：
He is my elder by several years . 他大我?guī)讱q。
Their know ledge , customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race . 他們的知識(shí)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及他們所懷念的事情都是由他們種族的長(zhǎng)輩傳下來(lái)的。
older 可用于人或物，用于人時(shí)，指實(shí)際年齡大小中的“大”，用于物時(shí)，意為“較舊的”，既可作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，也可同 than 連用。例如：
He is older than I . 他的年齡比我大。
Our classroom building is older than yours . 我們的教學(xué)大樓比你們的舊。
2 . argue / quarrel
argue 意為“爭(zhēng)論，爭(zhēng)吵，辯論”，著重就自己的看法或立場(chǎng)提出論證，和大家辨論，其后可接名詞性從句。例如：
Mary and Mike argued in a law court . 瑪麗與邁克在法庭上辯論。
He argued that the oral English class could be conducted in another way . 他論證英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課可以采用另一種方法進(jìn)行。
We heard them arguing in the other room . They were getting very angry . 我們聽見他們?cè)诹硪粋�(gè)房間爭(zhēng)論，他們都很生氣。
quarrel 意為“爭(zhēng)吵，吵架”，它表示一種因不同意或不喜歡而產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)烈爭(zhēng)吵，既可指言辭上的不和，也可指激烈的爭(zhēng)吵。例如：
They had even quarrelled several times . 他們甚至吵過(guò)好幾次了。
It’s no use quarrelling about it with me . 為這事和我吵沒有用。
Unit 4
1 . order / book
order 意為“訂貨”，“定購(gòu)”，常用作及物動(dòng)詞，還可以解作“點(diǎn)菜(飯、酒、飲料等)”，既可用作及物動(dòng)詞，也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：
I ordered some new clothes a month ago . 一個(gè)月前我定做了幾件新衣服。
What drink shall we order ? 咱們點(diǎn)什么酒呢 ?
Have you ordered yet ? 你點(diǎn)過(guò)菜了嗎 ?
book 意為“預(yù)定(戲票、車票等)”(ask and pay for a seat for the theatre , a journey etc . )。例如：
You are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you . 你們?nèi)ヂ灭^，房間已經(jīng)給你們訂好了。
The tickets are all booked . 票全部預(yù)定光了。
2 . in a / one word , in words , in word / with words , with the / these / words in a / one word 意為“總之”(=in short)。例如：
In a word , hunger is a big problem in the world today . 總之，饑餓是當(dāng)世界的一大問(wèn)題。
In one word , I don‘t trust him . 一句話，我不信任他。
in words 意為“用語(yǔ)言(來(lái)表達(dá))”。例如：
You don’t know how wonderful it is . It can‘t be described in words .
你不知道那有多么美妙，簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言來(lái)描述。
in word 和 with words 都解作“在口頭上”。例如：
We should not work for the people in word . 我們不應(yīng)該僅在口頭上為人民而工作。
He has acknowledged his faults with words . 他已在口頭上承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤了。
with the / these words 意為“這樣說(shuō)著”，“說(shuō)完這話就……”( after saying these words)。例如：
With the words , he left the room . 說(shuō)完這些話，他離開了房間。
3 . result in / result from
result in 意為“導(dǎo)致”，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，主語(yǔ)表示原因，介詞 in 的賓語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果。例如：
They would not vote to lose their land wealth , even if it resulted in a fairer society . 他們是不會(huì)投票贊成讓出土地和財(cái)產(chǎn)的，即使這樣做的結(jié)果能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)較為公平的社會(huì)。
His careless driving resulted in the accident . 他粗心的駕駛導(dǎo)致了那起事故。
result from 意為“由于……而引起”，與 result in 相對(duì)，一般說(shuō)來(lái)主語(yǔ)是結(jié)果，介詞 from 后面的賓語(yǔ)為原因。試比較：
Success results from hard work . 成功來(lái)自努力。
Hard work results in success . 努力終歸會(huì)成功。
Unit 5
1 . gift / present
兩者都可以表示“禮物”的意思，有時(shí)兩者可以通用。如：birthday gift (或 present)“生日禮物”。gift 著重于誠(chéng)意和份量，一般指上級(jí)或同級(jí)所贈(zèng)的禮物，用于表示好感、友誼或尊敬。